O Estado brasileiro é um dos principais atores políticos no cenário do país e cumpriu historicamente papéis importantíssimos na economia e na política nacionais. Inúmeras facetas do Estado e de suas políticas foram objeto de análise ao longo das últimas décadas. Entretanto, em uma situação contraditória, conhecemos muito pouco dos detalhes do seu funcionamento. Em especial temos apenas escassa compreensão sobre os processos que organizam a sua heterogeneidade e as suas dinâmicas internas.Um dos caminhos para a solução desse problema é o desenvolvimento de análises detalhadas sobre os processos que estruturam internamente as organizações estatais, assim como as inserem no ambiente político mais amplo. Em período recente, estudos sobre políticas do Estado utilizando análise de redes têm contribuído nesta direção, ao propor a existência de estruturas de médio alcance constituídas por redes entre atores no interior de instituições específicas. Essas estruturas constituem um denso e complexo tecido relacional interno ao Estado que emoldura a dinâmica política e influencia fortemente a formulação e a implementação das políticas públicas.A análise de redes sociais é um campo de estudo amplo e recente, embora pouco desenvolvido no Brasil até o momento. Os raros estudos existentes, entretanto, têm explorado de forma analiticamente inovadora certos fenômenos, em especial as dinâmicas internas ao Estado e as relações entre ele e a sociedade mais ampla, no inte- REDES SOCIAIS E PODER

ESTE ESTUDO busca atualizar o debate sobre a segregação urbana no Brasil, com base nos dados do Censo Demográfico de 2000 e da utilização de Sistemas de Informação Geográfica. Sustentamos que o modelo centro-periferia é uma simplificação genérica da forma urbana, sendo a periferia de São Paulo heterogênea, o que acarreta importantes conseqüências para as políticas públicas.
THIS STUDY intends to revisit the urban segregation debate in Brazil, taking into account new data from the 2000 Demographic Census and the use of geographic information systems. We argue that the center-periphery model is a rough simplification of the urban form, and that the São Paulo outskirts are heterogeneous, with important consequences for public policies

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Probiotics are a promising alternative to improve food animal productivity and health. However, scientific evidence that specific microbes can be used to benefit animal health and performance is limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of administering a live culture of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii to newborn dairy calves on subsequent growth, health, and fecal microbiome. Initially, a safety trial was conducted using 30 newborn bull calves to assess potential adverse effects of the oral and rectal administration of F. prausnitzii to neonatal calves. No adverse reactions, such as increased body temperature or heart and respiratory rates, were observed after the administration of the treatments. All calves survived the experimental period, and there was no difference in fecal consistency score, attitude, appetite or dehydration between the treatment groups. The rectal route was not an efficient practice while the oral route ensures that the full dose is administered to the treated calves. Subsequently, a randomized field trial was completed in a commercial farm with preweaned calves. A total of 554 Holstein heifers were assigned to one of two treatment groups: treated calves (FPTRT) and non-treated calves (control). Treated calves received two oral doses of F. prausnitzii, one at treatment assignment (1st week) and another one week later. The FPTRT group presented significantly lower incidence of severe diarrhea (3.1%) compared with the control group (6.8%). Treated calves also had lower mortality rate associated with severe diarrhea (1.5%) compared to control calves (4.4%). Furthermore, FPTRT calves gained significantly more weight, 4.4 kg over the preweaning period, than controls calves. The relative abundance of F. prausnitzii in the fecal microbiota was significantly higher in the 3rd and 5th weeks of life of FPTRT calves than of the control calves, as revealed by sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Our findings showed that oral administration of F. prausnitzii improves gastrointestinal health and growth of preweaned calves, supporting its use as a potential probiotic.

Policy implementation is an interactive process between citizens and street-level bureaucrats. Although the literature has already addressed different factors that influence discretion, there is still a gap in understanding if and how bureaucrats' relational profiles affect policy implementation.This article analyses bureaucrats' interactions and the relational environments in which they exercise their discretion.The hypothesis is that bureaucrats' different relational profiles specify policy implementation at the street level. We study bureaucrats in a Brazilian health care programme involving community workers that requires regular visits to beneficiary families' homes. The research departs from ethnography and network analyses with workers from three very different contexts. We analyse bureaucrats' practices, the discursive styles mobilized in their interactions, and their personal networks. The results show that organizational factors are central to explain variations in practices, and their relational profiles highly influence the discursive styles used by bureaucrats in their interactions with citizens. The article concludes that relational elements can affect the exercise of discretion and influence interactions at the street level and should be incorporated more systematically in the implementation literature.

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Public policies are produced by connections between several actors, within institutional environments and crossing organizational boundaries, but detailed analyses of the environments in which politics occur are relatively rare in Brazil. I believe the concept of governance could help to bridge this gap. However, this concept has different meanings and has been circulated in Latin America with quite confusing and cacophonic meanings. In this analytical essay, I build a definition of governance based both on local debates and the recent international literature, which can be of use to study urban policies in Brazil, going beyond government but specifying the elements under investigation. The article starts by critically discussing the uses of the concept of governance in Latin America and especially in Brazil, highlighting some of the most important problems of the existing analyses, so as to forge an alternate operational definition. I then discuss the most relevant political actors present in Brazilian urban policies and later use these elements to discuss the governance of policies regarding the production of the built environment.

O objetivo do trabalho é apresentar os principais resultados analíticos de uma aplicação de Sistemas de Informação Geográfica ao planejamento urbano. O trabalho centra-se na apresentação de diversas cartografias exploratórias relacionadas a variáveis demográficas, de risco urbano e de acesso a políticas públicas. Os resultados apontam para a superposição, em determinados setores censitários do município, de condições de extrema pobreza e risco urbanos, indicando a presença de fortes efeitos cumulativos de riscos urbanos e precariedade socioeconômica. Essa cumulatividade parece ser mais grave do que a indicada pela literatura: identificamos uma periferia mais heterogênea do que se considera comumente, incluindo espaços bem servidos e inseridos na malha urbana, e outros cuja população está submetida a condições talvez mais adversas do que a das periferias das décadas passadas.Palavras-chave: espaço urbano; condições de vida; periferia; população e meio ambiente; risco ambiental; segregação socioespacial. Abstract: The aim of this article is to present the main analytical findings of the application of GIS techniques to urban planning in Mauá, São Paulo. The paper is centre on several types of exploratory cartography related to demography, urban risk and accessibility to public policies in the 1990s. In certain census sectors of the municipality, the results show a superimposition of extreme poverty and urban risk conditions, pointing to the existence of very strong cumulative effects of urban risk and precarious socio-economic conditions. This cumulative effect seems to be more important than that indicated by the academic literature: a much more heterogeneous urban periphery than is commonly considered was identified, including areas that are very well served and included in social and urban terms, as well as others in which the population is submitted to more adverse conditions than those that characterised the metropolitan peripheries of previous decades. Keywords: urban space; living conditions; urban periphery; population and environment environmental risk; socio-spatial segregation.