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Salvia offi cinalis (Lamiaceae) has been used in south of Brazil as a diary homemade, in food condiment and tea-beverage used for the treatment of several disorders. The objective of this study was to characterize chemical compounds in the hydroalcoholic (ExtHS) and aqueous (ExtAS) extract from Salvia offi cinalis (L.) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and by high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-QTOF MS/MS), evaluate in vitro ability to scavenge the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH • ) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS •+ ), catalase (CAT-like) and superoxide dismutase (SOD-like) activity, moreover cytotoxic by MTT assay, alterations on cell morphology by giemsa and apoptotic-induced mechanism for annexin V/propidium iodide. Chemical identifi cation sage extracts revealed the presence of acids and phenolic compounds. In vitro antioxidant analysis for both extracts indicated promising activities. The cytotoxic assays using tumor (Hep-2, HeLa, A-549, HT-29 and A-375) and in non-tumor (HEK-293 and MRC-5), showed selectivity for tumor cell lines. Immunocytochemistry presenting a majority of tumor cells at late stages of the apoptotic process and necrosis. Given the results presented here, Brazilian Salvia offi cinalis (L.) used as condiment and tea, may protect the body against some disease, in particularly those where oxidative stress is involved, like neurodegenerative disorders, infl ammation and cancer.

We investigated whether there is a relationship between loss of p16(INK4a) protein expression and p53 alterations in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs). For this purpose, immunohistochemistry was performed on tissue microarrays of 664 tumours; this represents the largest HNSCC cohort studied for molecular biomarkers. Loss of p16(INK4a) protein expression was associated with aberrant p53 expression (negative or overexpressed) in the total cohort, and with TP53 mutations in 200 tumours analysed (p < 0.0001 each). Both loss of p16(INK4a) expression and p53 alterations differed significantly across both tumour sites and stages, being more prevalent in the hypopharynx than in the other tumour sites and in advanced tumour stages. As a possible link between p53 status and p16(INK4a) loss, we found that increased DNA methyltransferase 1 protein levels occurred preferentially in tumours with aberrant p53 (p = 0.001) and negative p16(INK4a) expression (p = 0.0004). In the total cohort, there was a borderline significant difference in patient survival across three p16(INK4a) expression levels (negative, positive, high), with loss of p16(INK4a) expression showing shortest survival. It is suggested that loss of p16(INK4a) expression and p53 alterations should be viewed as related events involved in the early carcinogenic process.

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