This incidence of subglottic stenosis is quite high and needs further investigation to identify risk factors.

Objective This project aims to prospectively and objectively assess otolaryngological manifestations and quality of life of children with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) and compare these findings with healthy pediatric controls. Study Design Cross-sectional. Setting Two high-volume pediatric PCD specialty centers. Methods Standardized clinical assessment; Sino-Nasal Outcome Test 22 (SNOT-22); Hearing Environment and Reflection Quality of Life (HEAR-QL); Reflux Symptom Index (RSI); standardized physical examination of the sinonasal, laryngeal, and otological systems; and investigations including pure-tone audiograms (PTAs) and sinonasal cultures were collected. Results Forty-seven children with PCD and 25 control participants were recruited. Children with PCD had more upper airway symptoms than healthy children. They had significantly higher scores in both SNOT-22 and RSI, indicating worse sinonasal and reflux symptoms, with worse quality of life on the HEAR-QL index compared to healthy children ( P < .05). Fifty-two percent of children with PCD-related hearing loss were not aware of their hearing deficit that was present on audiological assessment, and only 23% of children who had ventilation tubes had chronic otorrhea, most of which was easily controlled with ototopic drops. Furthermore, although all children with PCD had chronic rhinosinusitis, only 36% of them were using topical nasal treatment. The most common bacteria cultured from the middle meatus were Staphylococcus aureus in 11 of 47 (23%), followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae in 10 of 47 (21%). Conclusion This multisite cohort highlights the importance of otolaryngology involvement in the management of children with PCD. More rigorous otolaryngological management may lead to reductions in overall morbidity and improve quality of life for children with PCD.

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The Brazilian Portuguese version of THI is a valid and reproducible tool used to quantify how tinnitus impacts the life quality of those Brazilian patients who complain of this symptom.

Ti nnitus can greatly impact an individual's life qualityand it is very difficult quantify. Aim: To determine the reproducibility and validity of a Brazilian Portuguese version of the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI), a self-applicable questionnaire which assesses tinnitus impact on patients' life quality. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective transversal study. The questionnaire was translated into Portuguese and cross-culturally adapted to the Brazilian environment according to internationally recommended methods. The Portuguese version of the THI was answered by 180 patients who complained of tinnitus. Reproducibility was assessed using the Cronbach's Alpha Calculation; and the validity was assessed by means of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: The Portuguese version of the THI showed high internal validity, comparable to the original version. A high correlation was observed between the THI and the BDI. Conclusion: The Brazilian Portuguese version of THI is a valid and reproducible tool used to quantify how tinnitus impact the life quality of those Brazilian patients who complain of this symptom.

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SummaryA case of venous air embolism during awake craniotomy is described. Chest pain and electrocardiographic changes were the major presenting features. Capnography detected a decrease in end-tidal carbon dioxide and demonstrates its use as an aid in the diagnosis of air embolism in the awake patient. Following this episode persistent hypoxaemia developed secondary to acute pulmonary oedema and a pleural effusion.