Violence against children and adolescents is a public health issue worldwide that threatens physical and mental wellbeing and causes irreparable harm. Reports on this violence are an essential way to prevent it and to protect the children and adolescents. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of physical injuries that occur in domestic environments and reported to the Child and Adolescent Protection Network. This retrospective study was conducted at the Epidemiology Center of the Municipality of Curitiba. A total of 10,483 reports for the years 2010 (5,112) and 2011 (5,371) were analyzed and from them were selected reports of physical injuries that occurred in the family environment. The children and adolescents were 0-17 years old, comprising 322 cases of physical abuse within the family in 2010. Out of these, 57.1% were male and 42.9% were female, and 58% (187) presented head and neck injuries. There were 342 reports in 2011, 49% were male and 51% were female; head and neck injuries corresponded to 65% (222) of the reported cases. The prevalence of injuries increased by 6% and head and neck injury increased by 19% between 2010 and 2011. It may be concluded that physical abuse is associated with a high prevalence of head and neck injury, which is easily observed by the health and education professionals. Notification organs should be created in Brazilian hospitals and health centers, which is essential to conduct epidemiological surveillance and appropriate policies.

Summary Background Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is a multifactorial condition involving environmental, psychological and genetic factors. Objective The aim of this case‐control study was to evaluate the influence of genetic polymorphisms in 5HTT and COMT on TMD and anxiety in adolescents. Methods TMD was diagnosed and classified according to the RDC/TMD criteria. For case group, the following TMD categories were used: myofascial pain, disc displacement, arthralgia and painful TMD (myofascial and arthralgia). Anxiety levels were assessed according to the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory. Genomic DNA was extracted, and genetic polymorphisms were genotyped by TaqMan chemistry and endpoint analysis. Logistic multivariate regression was used to analyse the associations between TMD types and genotypes, anxiety level and genotypes, using an adjusted odds ratio (ORa; CI 95%) that considered the gender. Results In 5HTT, the rs1042173 was associated with painful TMD (arthralgia and myofascial pain) (ORc = 1.97; CI 95%: 1.02‐3.77; P = 0.04). Polymorphisms in COMT rs4818 were significantly associated with myofascial pain (ORc = 2.15; CI 95%: 1.08‐4.29; P = 0.02) and were borderline for painful TMD (ORc = 1.85; CI 95%: 0.97‐3.51; P = 0.06) and disc displacement (ORc = 2.42; CI 95%: 1.00‐5.87; P = 0.05). The rs6269 was borderline for myofascial pain (ORc = 1.82; CI 95%: 0.92‐3.59; P = 0.08) and disc displacement (ORc = 2.38; CI 95% 0.95‐5.97; P = 0.06) and also was associated with anxiety (ORa = 2.34; CI 95% 1.04‐5.25; P = 0.03). Conclusion Polymorphisms in 5HTT and COMT are associated with TMD in adolescents. Moreover, polymorphism in COMT is associated with anxiety in adolescents.

Introduction: Ectodermal dysplasia is an abnormality of the ectoderm and its derivatives, phenotypically expressed in males and genetically inherited from mothers. Objective: To report the efficacy of the prosthetics treatment of severe ectodermal dysplasia in a 6-year-old boy with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED). Case report: The boy had difficulty in speaking and eating and the condition also affected his self-esteem. Prosthetic treatments included the construction of acrylic custom trays, determination of the vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO), construction of upper and lower dentures, and palatal expansion procedure. Conclusion: Significant improvements in the patient's stomatognathic function and self-esteem were evident.

Aim: To evaluate the experience, knowledge and attitudes of dentists and oral health technicians (OHTs) who work in Basic Health Units in the city of Curitiba, PR, Brazil, regarding cases of abuse against children and adolescents. Methods: In this observational study, three hundred eighty-three questionnaires (validated for Brazilian Portuguese) were sent to dentists and OHTs who work in public health units. The response rate was 38.12% (n = 146) for dentists and 40% (n = 77) for OHTs. Results: The mean age of the dentists was 40±8.29 years, and 53.43% treated more than 10 children per week. The OHTs' mean age was 45.39±9.71 years, and 62.35% attended to more than 10 children per week. Although the dentists perceived 185 suspected cases of maltreatment, only 35.67% were reported to authorities. In the OHT group, 22.08% were reported to authorities. Sixty-eight dentists (47%) and 11 OHTs (14.28%) reported having treated at least one case of orofacial trauma in the previous 6 months, totalizing 166 orofacial traumas. About the mechanism for reporting suspected cases, 83% of the respondents knew how to report. Over 50% of the responses concerning why the professionals did not report cases of physical violence against children included fear of retaliation and difficulties in diagnosis. Conclusions: Suspected cases of maltreatment against children and adolescents are underreported. More information is required to recognize suspected maltreatment cases and notify authorities.

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BackgroundThe consumption of acidified beverages, associated with lower mineralization of primary enamel, is the ideal combination for the development and progression of dental erosion. The objective of this study is to analyze the erosive capacity and the surface roughness of primary teeth enamel after exposure to three different brands of grape juices.Material and MethodsForty enamel blocks of primary teeth were obtained, attened and polished. They were submitted to initial surface roughness analysis (baseline), and randomly assigned into four groups (n = 10): NAT: natural grape juice (Campo Largo); IND: industrialized grape juice (Dell Vale Kapo); SOY: soy-based grape juice (Ades); and CONT (control): artificial saliva. Blocks were immersed for 2 min, 3 times per day, for 9 days. During the whole time of the experiment, the enamel blocks were stored in artificial saliva. After the 9 days, the roughness parameters were determined again. The beverages were analyzed for pH and titratable acidity. Data were statistically analyzed (α = 0.05).ResultsThe surface roughness did not differ significantly among groups (p > 0.05). However, after the immersion in the different grape juices, the surface roughness values increased significantly (p< 0.05). The pH values were weakly correlated to acidity values; NAT showed the highest titratable acidity values than the other juices (p<0.05).ConclusionsAlthough the surface roughness values of the experimental groups did not differ from the control group, there was a difference in initial and final roughness in all groups. Grape juices, especially natural, may have an erosive capacity, changing the surface roughness of primary dental enamel. Key words:Dental erosion, beverages, enamel, roughness.

Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the association between the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs4284505 within the gene that codifies microRNA17 (miRNA17) and dental fluorosis (DF) in a group of children. Methods: Children living in a city with fluoridation of public water supplies were included. DF was assessed in erupted permanent teeth by Dean's modified index. The miR-SNP rs4284505 was selected in miRNA17 and genotyping was carried out by real-time PCR. Genotype and allelic distributions between DF and control, and between DF phenotypes (mild, moderate and severe) and control were analysed. Results: Among a total of 527 children enrolled for the study, 383 were DF free and 144 presented DF. In the dominant model analysis (AA þ AG vs. GG) the miR-SNP rs4284505 was associated with moderate DF, with carriers of the GG genotype having an increased risk of more than two times for DF (p ¼ 0.031; Odds Ratio ¼ 2.26, Confidence Interval 95%¼ 1.04-4.73). Allelic distribution showed borderline statistical significance for moderate DF with the carriers of G allele having an increased risk for DF (p ¼ .050; Odds Ratio ¼ 1.75, Confidence Interval 95%¼ 1.00-3.12). Conclusion: The miR-SNP rs4284505 in miRNA17 was associated with an increased risk of DF.

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