Anthracyclines, such as doxorubicin and idarubicin, remain an important class of chemotherapeutic agents. Unfortunately, their efficacy in treating cancer is limited by a cumulative dose-dependent cardiotoxicity, which can cause irreversible heart failure. In this review, we discuss the pathogenesis and incidence of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity as well as methods to detect, prevent and treat the condition.

This review is focused on several psychiatric disorders in which cognitive impairment is a major component of the disease, influencing life quality. There are plenty of data proving that cognitive impairment accompanies and even underlies some psychiatric disorders. In addition, sources provide information on the biological background of cognitive problems associated with mental illness. This scientific review aims to summarize the current knowledge about neurobiological mechanisms of cognitive impairment in people with schizophrenia, depression, mild cognitive impairment and dementia (including Alzheimer’s disease).The review provides data about the prevalence of cognitive impairment in people with mental illness and associated biological markers.

The aging lung is faced with unique challenges. The lungs are the only internal organ with a direct interface with both the internal and the external environments and as a consequence are constantly sampling diverse, potentially injurious, elements. Therefore, the lungs have evolved a sophisticated, multilayered detection system to distinguish low-level, nonharmful signals from those that are toxic. A family of innate immune receptors, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), appears to serve such a function. Initially described as pattern-recognition receptors that recognize and protect against microbes, TLRs can also respond to diverse, nonmicrobial signals. The role of Toll-like receptors in noninfectious, age-related chronic lung disease is poorly understood. This review presents our current understanding of the biology of age-related lung diseases with a focus on the role of Toll-like receptors in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and late-onset asthma.

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<b><i>Background:</i></b> Very little is known about receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) expression on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in humans including renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients. <b><i>Objectives:</i></b> The primary objective of this study was to evaluate expression levels of major RTKs on PBMC and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) isolated from RCC patients. The secondary aim was to compare levels of RTK expression in RCC patients before surgery and on the 180th day after surgery (lymphocyte lifetime) and to compare them with the expression in healthy donors. In addition, we compared RTK and PD-L1 expression in TIL. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Tumor and blood samples were obtained from 20 patients with primary RCC immediately after surgical resection. Blood samples were collected from 20 healthy donors. Tumors were harvested into RPMI 1640 medium (Gibco) and processed within 4 h. TIL isolation was performed using a modified protocol [Baldan et al. Br J Cancer. 2015;112:1510–18]. Expression of RTKs was evaluated with NovoExpress Software. Twenty tumors from the same patients were stained with PD-L1 IHC assay (clone SP142; Ventana). <b><i>Results:</i></b> PBMC and TIL express RTKs in humans. The RTK expression level was significantly lower on peripheral blood cells in patients with RCC (mean 41%, range 27.1–62.6%) as compared with healthy donor PBMC (mean 77.1%, range 72.1–80.1%, all <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.05). Furthermore, RTK expression was significantly downregulated on intratumoral cells (mean 40%, range 23.2–52.3%) in comparison with healthy donor PBMC. There was no significant recovery of RTK expression on the 180th day except for VEGFR2. Five of 20 (25%) patients were PD-L1 positive. PD-L1 expression on TIL was strongly associated with downregulated expression of PDGFRα (<i>p</i> = 0.017) and PDGFRβ (<i>p</i> = 0.024). <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> PBMC and TIL had similar low RTK expression levels in RCC patients. PBMC of healthy humans had a significantly higher expression of RTK. PD-L1 and PDGFRα-β expression could correlate. Comprehensive basic and clinical studies will be needed to define a biological role of RTKs on different lymphocyte subsets and correlations between clinical outcomes and expression levels.

Background To our knowledge, there is no clinical data pertaining to COVID-19 outcomes and safety of COVID-19 vaccination in Russian patients with genitourinary (GU) malignancies. Aim of our analysis was to describe the characteristics of the COVID-19 infection course as well as preliminary safety and efficacy of Gam-COVID-Vac vaccine in patients with active GU malignancies. Methods Patients were retrospectively identified at nine cancer centers in different regions. Patients were included if COVID-19 was diagnosed by a polymerase chain reaction. Data from additional patients with GU cancers who had no positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test before vaccination and who received two doses of Gam-COVID-Vac (Sputnik V) between 11 February and 31 August 2021 were collected for safety assessment. Anonymized data were collected through an online registry covering demographics, treatments, and outcomes. Results The Gam-COVID-Vac vaccine was well tolerated; no grade 3–5 toxicities were reported in 112 vaccinated metastatic GU cancer patients. The most common grade 1 adverse events (81%) were injection site reactions (76%), flu-like illness (68%), and asthenia (49%). Five patients experienced grade 2 chills (4.5%) and 3 patients had grade 2 fever (2.7%). With median follow-up of 6.2 months, two COVID-19 cases were confirmed by RT-PCR test in the vaccine group (of 112 participants; 1.8%). Eighty-eight patients with COVID-19 disease were included in the analysis. The average age as of the study enrollment was 66 (range 39–81) and the majority of patients were male with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Thirty-six patients (41%) had evidence of metastatic disease, of these 22 patients were receiving systemic therapy. More than half of patients required hospitalization. Fifty-four patients (61%) experienced complications. Sixteen patients who developed COVID-19 pneumonia required mechanical ventilator support. Sixteen patients (18%) died in a median of 23.5 days after the date of COVID-19 diagnosis was established. The 3-month survival rate was 82%. Clinical and/or radiographic progression of cancer during COVID-19 infection or the subsequent 3 months was observed in 10 patients (11.4%). Conclusion Patients with GU malignancies are at increased risk of mortality from COVID-19 infection when compared to the general population. Vaccination could be safe in GU cancer patients. Trial registration: retrospectively registered.

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Управление токсичностью ингибиторов ангиогенеза: резолюция совета экспертов П.О. Румянцев и соавт. 157© "Эндокринная хирургия", 2017 Письмо в редакциюЭкспертный совет специалистов в лече-нии пациентов радиойодрезистентным диф-ференцированным раком щитовидной желе-зы (ДРЩЖ) и почечно-клеточным раком (ПКР) таргетными препаратами, ингибирую-щими опухолевый ангиогенез, состоялся 22.06.2017 в Санкт-Петербурге. Он был по-священ анализу и обсуждению причин воз-никновения нежелательных явлений (НЯ) на фоне терапии ингибиторами ангиогенеза у пациентов с солидными опухолями, воз-можностям прогнозировать и/или предот-вращать проявления серьезных нежела-тельных явлений при приеме этих препара-тов, а также обсуждению современных под-ходов по управлению токсичностью, возни- 22 июня 2017 г. в г. Санкт-Петербурге состоялся совет экспертов по теме "Управление токсичностью ингибиторов ангиогенеза", в рамках которого обсуждались актуальные вопросы системной терапии прогрессирующего дифференцированного рака щитовидной железы, резистентного к терапии радиоактивным йодом, распространенного рака почки и вопросы эффективности и безопасности новых таргетных препаратов в лечении этих заболеваний. В докладах и дискуссиях экспертов поднимались вопросы: 1. Собственный опыт применения ленватиниба у пациентов с дифференцированным раком щитовидной железы, нечувствительного к терапии радиоактивным йодом, и раком почки. 2. Профиль эффективности и безопасности современной таргетной терапии мультикиназными ингибиторами. 3. Профилактика и контроль прогнозируемой токсичности.Ключевые слова: дифференцированный рак щитовидной железы, радиойодрезистентность, рак почки, ингибиторы ангиогенеза, ленватиниб.On 22 June 2017 in St. Petersburg the expert panel was held on the topic "Management of toxicity of angiogenesis inhibitors", which discussed current issues of systemic therapy of advanced differentiated thyroid cancer resistant to radioactive iodine therapy, advanced kidney cancer and questions of efficacy and safety of new target drugs in the treatment of these diseases. The reports and discussions of experts raised the following questions: 1. Own experience of using lenvatinib in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer refractory to therapy with radioactive iodine and kidney cancer. 2. Profile of efficacy and safety of modern targeted therapy with multikinase inhibitors. 3. Prophylaxis and management of predictable toxicity.