Objective: to develop an effective and safe surgical technique for the treatment of patients with renal cell carcinoma with invasive tumor venous thrombosis of the inferior vena cava (IVC).Materials and methods. The study included 75 patients underwent surgical treatment at the N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center between 1995 and 2017. The median age of patients was 57 years (range: 32–72 years). All patients were diagnosed with RCC with invasive tumor venous thrombosis levels II–IV; of them, 55 patients (73.3 %) had complete IVC obstruction and mature venous collaterals. Twenty- seven patients (26.0 %) were diagnosed with regional, 37 (49.3 %) – with distant metastases. Prior nephrectomy was performed in 5 (6.7 %) cases. Surgical treatment included nephrectomy (n = 70; 93.3 %), thrombectomy with IVC resection (n = 75; 100 %), and metastasectomy in solitary distant lesions (n = 11; 14.7 %). Partial IVC resection was demanded in 18 patients (24.0 %): with infrarenal IVC plication – 14 (18.7 %), with reconstruction of IVC with synthetic patch – 4 (5.3 %). Fifty-seven patients (76.0 %) underwent circular IVC resection (with left renal vein (LRV) ligation – 35 (46.7 %)). The IVC was replaced with ePTFE grafts in 4 (5.3 %) patients, IVC reconstruction was not required in 53 (70.7 %) patients. IVC grafting was considered to be justified in patients without mature venous collaterals. Twenty-two patients (29.3 %) received systemic antitumor therapy. Median follow-up was 32.3 months (range: 1–226 months).Results. Median operative time was 237.5 min (range: 135–580 min); median blood loss – 7000 mL (range: 1200–27 000 mL). The post- operative complications rate was 52.1 % (grades III–V – 31.5 %). Hospital mortality was 13.3 % (10 of 75 patients). Thirty-two months overall, cancer-specific, and recurrence-free survival were 42.4 %, 49.5 %, and 61.2 % respectively. At 19 months all prosthesis were patent. None of the patients had glomerular filtration rate <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 after LRV ligation. No patients developed disabling chronic venous insufficiency of the lower limbs after IVC ligation/resection without grafting.Conclusion. Nephrectomy, thrombectomy, and IVC resection is the only effective method of treatment for RCC with invasive tumor venous thrombosis. The development of IVC and LRV venous collaterals allows performing circular IVC resection with LRV ligation without graft replacement.
Background. The only effective treatment for renal cell carcinoma with tumor inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombosis is surgery. Nephrectomy with thrombectomy (NETE) is usually associated with clinically significant blood loss. The role of blood-sparing methods using autoerythrocyte reinfusion device (ARD) or replacement of blood loss with donor erythrocytes (DE) on the outcomes of NETE has not been well studied. Aim. To study the rate of hemostasis disorders with intraoperative ARD use, as well as the effect of ARD and DE transfusions on specific (SS), relapse-free (RFS), and progression-free (PFS) survival of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) after NETE. Materials and methods. The observational study included medical data of 507 patients with RCC and tumor IVC thrombosis operated after NETE. The median volume of blood loss was 4000 [20006500] mL. In 312 (61.5%) patients, ARD without a leukocyte filter was used to compensate for blood loss (median volume of reinfused autoerythrocytes AE was 1140 [700; 1900] mL). Transfusion of DE was required in 387 (76.3%) cases; the median number of DE transfused doses was 3 [1; 5]; 475 (93.7%) patients were discharged from the hospital. The median follow-up of all surviving patients was 24 (1189) months. Results. Indications for blood transfusions (DE and AE) were directly correlated to the pN (r=0.101; p=0.024) and pT (r=0.091; p=0.040) categories, respectively. The use of AE had no significant effect on the rate of hemostasis disorders and coagulopathic complications compared to other methods of blood loss replacement: 6.8% (21/311) vs 4.7% (9/193), p=0.227; 5.1% (16/311) vs 4.1% (8/193), p=0.394, respectively. ARD had no effect on SS, RFS (after radical surgery), and PFS (after cytoreductive surgery) after NETE. There was a reduction of SS in patients who received DE transfusions compared with those who did not (hazard ratio 0.4; 95% confidence interval 0.10.9; p=0.048). The effects of DE transfusions on RFS and PFS were not identified. Conclusion. Intraoperative ARD use is an effective and safe method of correcting anemia, which does not increase the risk of coagulopathic complications or decrease survival rates. The non-use of the leukocyte filter during AE preparation does not worsen the medium-term oncological results of RCC surgical treatment with tumor IVC thrombosis. The effect of DE transfusion on the survival of RCC patients after NETE requires further research.
Objective: to evaluate the outcomes of thrombectomy performed using different surgical techniques in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients with extensive tumor venous thrombosis.Materials and methods. This study included 345 RCC patients with extensive tumor venous thrombosis who underwent surgical treatment.The median age was 57 years (range: 16—79 years); the male-to-female ratio was 1:1.9. Two hundred and sixty patients (75.4 %) had their tumor thrombus originating from the right renal vein, 85 patients (24.6 %) — from the left renal vein. In 169 patients (49.0 %), the thrombus spread to the retrohepatic inferior vena cava (IVC), while in 176 patients (51.0 %), it spread above the diaphragm (to the intrapericardial IVC in 59 patients (17.1 %) and to the right heart cameras in 117 patients (33.9 %)). Regional metastases were found in 90 individuals (26.1 %), while distant metastases were observed in 124 patients (35.9 %). All patients underwent surgical treatment (radical in 251 patients (72.8 %) and cytoreductive — in 94patients (27.2 %)); the technique of vascular control and circulatory support was chosen individually. In 97 patients (28.1 %), the control over the cranial thrombus boarder did not require opening of the chest cavity; eleven patients (3.2 %) were operated on with cardiopulmonary bypass.Results. The median surgery time was 215 minutes; the median blood loss was 4500 mL. Intraoperative complications were registered in 209 patients (60.6 %) and postoperative complications were observed in 118 patients (35.1 %) (including those of grade I—II in 43 individuals (12.8 %) and grade III—V in 75 individual (22.3 %)). The in-hospital mortality rate was 10.7 % (37/345). At a median follow-up of 32.3 months, overall and diseasespecific survival rates among all patients were 51.9 % and 68.3 %, respectively; relapse-free survival rate in 226patients who have undergone radical surgeries and discharged from the hospital was 61.5 %; progression-free survival rate in 82 patients who have undergone cytoreductive surgery was 33.0 %. The method ofIVC control and circulatory support had no effect on both short-term and long-term treatment outcomes (p >0.05 for both).Conclusion. The use of minimally invasive techniques of vascular control and avoidance of cardiopulmonary bypass in carefully selected RCC patients with extensive tumor venous thrombosis do not worsen the outcomes of nephrectomy and thrombectomy.
Background. An effective treatment for renal cell carcinoma complicated by tumor thrombus (TT) is nephrectomy with thrombectomy (NETE) from the inferior vena cava (IVC), which is associated with massive blood loss, high morbidity and mortality. The study aims to evaluate the infusion-transfusion protocol (ITP) for NETE from the IVC without extracorporeal circulation. Materials and methods. The observational single-center study included 682 patients who were operated for NETE for renal cell carcinoma with TT. Patients were divided into 3 groups depending on the level of TT according to the Mayo classification. The InfraHepatic (InH) group included patients with TT levels I and II, the RetroHepatic (RH) group included patients with TT level III, and the SupraDiaphragmatic (SD) group included patients with TT level IV. Own concept of moderately advanced infusion in the amount of 130140% of all losses were introduced. Qualitative and quantitative composition of ITP, frequency of use of sympathomimetics, complications and mortality were assessed. Results. The rate of massive blood loss was 46.9% in the InH group, 74.7% in the RH group, and 86.3% in the SD group. ITP was characterized a significant increase in the absolute values of all infusion media, a decrease the proportion of crystalloids and colloids, an increase the proportion fresh frozen plasma, donated erythrocytes, and proportion of auto-erythrocytes between groups. The frequency of using intraoperative cell salvage in the InH group was 39.6%, in the RH 67.7%, in the SD 90.7%. The greatest hemodynamic shifts were recorded in the SD group. The frequency of postoperative complications was 24.3%, and hospital mortality was 7% with accordance to the ITP, adequate hemodynamic and laboratory monitoring in NETE. Low mortality due to hemorrhagic shock in our study (0.15%) emphasizes the effectiveness of the presented ITP. Conclusion. The obtained data demonstrate the results of NETE as comparable with those presented in the available literature.
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