Objective: to develop an effective and safe surgical technique for the treatment of patients with renal cell carcinoma with invasive tumor venous thrombosis of the inferior vena cava (IVC).Materials and methods. The study included 75 patients underwent surgical treatment at the N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center between 1995 and 2017. The median age of patients was 57 years (range: 32–72 years). All patients were diagnosed with RCC with invasive tumor venous thrombosis levels II–IV; of them, 55 patients (73.3 %) had complete IVC obstruction and mature venous collaterals. Twenty- seven patients (26.0 %) were diagnosed with regional, 37 (49.3 %) – with distant metastases. Prior nephrectomy was performed in 5 (6.7 %) cases. Surgical treatment included nephrectomy (n = 70; 93.3 %), thrombectomy with IVC resection (n = 75; 100 %), and metastasectomy in solitary distant lesions (n = 11; 14.7 %). Partial IVC resection was demanded in 18 patients (24.0 %): with infrarenal IVC plication – 14 (18.7 %), with reconstruction of IVC with synthetic patch – 4 (5.3 %). Fifty-seven patients (76.0 %) underwent circular IVC resection (with left renal vein (LRV) ligation – 35 (46.7 %)). The IVC was replaced with ePTFE grafts in 4 (5.3 %) patients, IVC reconstruction was not required in 53 (70.7 %) patients. IVC grafting was considered to be justified in patients without mature venous collaterals. Twenty-two patients (29.3 %) received systemic antitumor therapy. Median follow-up was 32.3 months (range: 1–226 months).Results. Median operative time was 237.5 min (range: 135–580 min); median blood loss – 7000 mL (range: 1200–27 000 mL). The post- operative complications rate was 52.1 % (grades III–V – 31.5 %). Hospital mortality was 13.3 % (10 of 75 patients). Thirty-two months overall, cancer-specific, and recurrence-free survival were 42.4 %, 49.5 %, and 61.2 % respectively. At 19 months all prosthesis were patent. None of the patients had glomerular filtration rate <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 after LRV ligation. No patients developed disabling chronic venous insufficiency of the lower limbs after IVC ligation/resection without grafting.Conclusion. Nephrectomy, thrombectomy, and IVC resection is the only effective method of treatment for RCC with invasive tumor venous thrombosis. The development of IVC and LRV venous collaterals allows performing circular IVC resection with LRV ligation without graft replacement.
Objective: to evaluate the outcomes of thrombectomy performed using different surgical techniques in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients with extensive tumor venous thrombosis.Materials and methods. This study included 345 RCC patients with extensive tumor venous thrombosis who underwent surgical treatment.The median age was 57 years (range: 16—79 years); the male-to-female ratio was 1:1.9. Two hundred and sixty patients (75.4 %) had their tumor thrombus originating from the right renal vein, 85 patients (24.6 %) — from the left renal vein. In 169 patients (49.0 %), the thrombus spread to the retrohepatic inferior vena cava (IVC), while in 176 patients (51.0 %), it spread above the diaphragm (to the intrapericardial IVC in 59 patients (17.1 %) and to the right heart cameras in 117 patients (33.9 %)). Regional metastases were found in 90 individuals (26.1 %), while distant metastases were observed in 124 patients (35.9 %). All patients underwent surgical treatment (radical in 251 patients (72.8 %) and cytoreductive — in 94patients (27.2 %)); the technique of vascular control and circulatory support was chosen individually. In 97 patients (28.1 %), the control over the cranial thrombus boarder did not require opening of the chest cavity; eleven patients (3.2 %) were operated on with cardiopulmonary bypass.Results. The median surgery time was 215 minutes; the median blood loss was 4500 mL. Intraoperative complications were registered in 209 patients (60.6 %) and postoperative complications were observed in 118 patients (35.1 %) (including those of grade I—II in 43 individuals (12.8 %) and grade III—V in 75 individual (22.3 %)). The in-hospital mortality rate was 10.7 % (37/345). At a median follow-up of 32.3 months, overall and diseasespecific survival rates among all patients were 51.9 % and 68.3 %, respectively; relapse-free survival rate in 226patients who have undergone radical surgeries and discharged from the hospital was 61.5 %; progression-free survival rate in 82 patients who have undergone cytoreductive surgery was 33.0 %. The method ofIVC control and circulatory support had no effect on both short-term and long-term treatment outcomes (p >0.05 for both).Conclusion. The use of minimally invasive techniques of vascular control and avoidance of cardiopulmonary bypass in carefully selected RCC patients with extensive tumor venous thrombosis do not worsen the outcomes of nephrectomy and thrombectomy.
Objective: to identify independent risk factors affecting survival of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and tumor venous thrombosis who have undergone nephrectomy and thrombectomy.Materials and methods. This study included 768 patients with RCC complicated by tumor venous thrombosis who have undergone nephrectomy and thrombectomy. Median age was 58 years (range: 16-82 years); the male to female ratio was 2.3:1. The symptoms of tumor venous thrombosis were identified in 232 patients (30.2 %); laboratory abnormalities at baseline were observed in 456 patients (59.3 %). Grade I and II tumor thrombosis was diagnosed in 456 (59.3 %) and 201 (26.2 %) patients, respectively; grade III and IV thrombosis was found in 171 (22.3 %) and 177 (23.0 %) patients, respectively. One hundred and twenty-nine participants (16.8 %) had infrarenal inferior vena cava thrombosis. Regional metastases were detected in 188 individuals (24.4 %), distant metastases were registered in 274 patients (35.7 %). All patients have undergone surgery: either radical (n = 555; 72.3 %) or cytoreductive (n = 213; 27.7 %). All primary tumors were histologically classified as RCC (G3-4 in 337 cases; 43.9 %). A total of 719 patients (93.6 %) survived the perioperative period; 183 patients with metastasis (23.8 %) received systemic antitumor therapy.Results. The median follow-up was 24 months (range: 1-200 months). The 24-month overall and cancer-specific survival of all patients were 96.9 and 99.7 %, respectively; recurrence-free survival of patients after radical surgery reached 92.9 %. Progression-free survival among those patients who underwent cytoreductive surgery and received first-line therapy/follow-up was 41.7 %. Negative predictive factors of overall survival included hepatomegaly (p = 0.024), ascites (p = 0.033), level IV tumor thrombosis (p <0.0001), infrarenal inferior vena cava thrombosis (p = 0.002), regional metastases (p <0.0001), and cytoreductive surgery (p = 0.012). Depending on the number of risk factors, we have identified 3 prognostic groups: favorable (0 factors), intermediate (1-2 factors), and poor (3-6 factors). Median overall survival differed significantly between the groups and was 128.6 ± 11.8; 40.9 ± 6.7 and 12.3 ± 2.2 months, respectively (p <0.0001 for all).Conclusion. Stratification of patients operated on for RCC and venous tumor thrombosis with their allocation to prognostic groups will ensure the choice of an optimal management strategy.
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