The present study evaluated the influence of different composite bases and surface treatments on marginal and internal adaptation of class II indirect composite restorations, after simulated occlusal loading. Thirty-two class II inlay cavities were prepared on human third molars, with margins located in cementum. A 1-mm composite base extending up to the cervical margins was applied on all dentin surfaces in the experimental groups; impressions were made and composite inlays fabricated. The following experimental conditions were tested: no liner (control group), flowable composite treated with soft air abrasion (experiment 1), flowable composite sandblasted (experiment 2) and restorative composite sandblasted (experiment 3). All specimens were submitted to 1,000,000 cycles with a 100-N eccentric load. Tooth-restoration margins were analysed semi-quantitatively by scanning electron microscopy before and after loading; internal adaptation was also evaluated after test completion. The percentage of perfect adaptation in enamel was 79.5% to 92.7% before loading and 73.3% to 81.9% after loading. Perfect adaptation to dentin was reduced before loading (54.8% to 77.6%) and after loading (41.9% to 63%), but no difference was found among groups for pre- and post-loading conditions. No debonding occurred between the base and composite luting. A significant, negative influence of cyclic loading was observed. The results of the present study support the use of flowable or restorative composites as base/liner underneath large class II restorations. Soft air abrasion represents a potential alternative to airborne particle abrasion for treating cavities before cementation. The application of a composite base underneath indirect composite restorations represents a feasible non-invasive alternative to surgical crown lengthening to relocate cavity margins from an intra-crevicular to supra-gingival position.

The results of this in vitro test validate the increasing use of a flowable base/liner underneath CAD/CAM ceramic inlays to optimise tissue conservation and clinical procedures; in this case, soft air abrasion is recommended as a pre-cementation step.

To evaluate oral health conditions in pediatric liver transplant recipients, with special focus on caries, green staining of the teeth, gingival bleeding, and gingival overgrowth. 40 patients (mean age 11.6 years) were examined at a routine follow-up visit, 6 months to 16 years after liver transplantation at the Swiss Center for Liver Disease in Children. After the medical examination, participants were further examined for the presence of dental caries, periodontal disease, GE, and GTC. The mean decay, missing, and filled teeth (dmft/DMFT) score was 3.8. 45% of the participants presented at least one carious lesion. Two-third of the participants had more than 20% of sites with the presence of plaque and gingival inflammation. Signs of GE were found in 18% and GTC in 30% of the participants. A positive correlation was identified between GTC and peak serum bilirubin (P<.001) and primary diagnosis of cholestatic disease (P=.04). Gingival inflammation was associated with plaque (P<.001), use of immunosuppressive medication (P=.04), and was more pronounced in children with cholestatic disease (P=.007). Children and young adults with liver transplants presented a rather poor oral health status. Liver transplant physicians should counsel patients for regular dental follow-up in order to avoid serious dental infections.

Resumen: Desde hace décadas el parto de bajo riesgo ha sido abordado, fundamentalmente en el ámbito clínico-hospitalario, desde una perspectiva intervencionista, caracterizada por la medicalización, tecnificación y mecanización asistencial. En este contexto se sitúa el presente estudio, cuyo objetivo ha sido explorar las limitaciones bioéticas de este paradigma asistencial intervencionista, mediante el análisis de su pragmatismo clínico frente a otros abordajes más humanistas. Para ello se ha llevado a cabo un profundo análisis documental en diferentes bases de datos del ámbito de las ciencias médicas y sociales, seleccionando tanto artículos de difusión científica como libros, declaraciones, estrategias y guías de práctica clínica. Los resultados muestran un patrón asistencial medicalizado, que parece incrementar las intervenciones no justificadas y con ello los efectos iatrogénicos en los partos de bajo riesgo. Se concluye que estamos ante una cultura del nacimiento que, en cierta medida, vulnera los principios bioéticos fundamentales, al subyugar la dignidad de la corporalidad femenina a intereses económicos contingentes e ideologías transhumanistas, biopolíticas y tayloristas cosificadoras. Palabras clave: parto hospitalario, parto intervencionista, parto medicalizado, transhumanismoObstetrics nemesis or decrease in risk? A bioethical debate on interventionist treatments in low risk childbirths Abstract: For decades in low-risk deliveries has been addressed, mainly in the clinical-hospital setting, from an interventionist perspective characterized by medicalization, mechanization and machining care. In this context the present study lies, whose aim was to explore the bioethical limitations of this interventionist paradigm of care through an analysis of its clinical pragmatism compared to other approaches more humanistic. For this it has conducted a thorough analysis of documents in different databases in the field of medical and social sciences, selecting both items of scientific diffusion as books, statements, strategies and clinical practice guidelines. The results show a medicalized care pattern appears to increase the iatrogenic effects in lowrisk deliveries. We conclude that this is a culture of birth which, to some, it violates basic bioethical principles to subjugate the dignity of female corporeality to contingent economic interests and transhumanists, biopolitics and taylorist ideologies reifying. Key words: hospital birth, interventionist birth, medicalized birth, transhumanismNemesis obstétrica ou diminuição do risco? A debate bioético a abordagem intervencionista em partos de baixo risco Resumo: Por décadas o parto de baixo risco tem sido abordado, fundamentalmente no campo clinico-hospitalar, a partir de uma perspectiva intervencionista caracterizada pela medicalização, tecnificação e mecanização assitencial. Nesse contexto se situa o presente estudo, cujo objetivo tem sido explorar a limitações bioéticas desse paradigma assistencial intervencionista através da análise de seu pragmatismo clínico...

ResumenLa evidencia científica muestra como el apoyo emocional continuo dado por el padre durante el parto reduce la duración del mismo, la necesidad de analgesia y aumenta las probabilidades de parto vaginal espontáneo, tratándose además de un derecho para las madres que avalan la legislación vigente. Partiendo de estas premisas el artículo explora las experiencias maternas y paternas ligadas al acompañamiento en el marco de los partos que transcurren en los hospitales públicos. La información se obtuvo a través de la realización de una serie de entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas a madres y padres que habían sido atendidos en un centro sanitario público. Los testimonios hablan de unos rituales en paritorio que recluyen a las madres y excluyen a los padres, desplazando el protagonismo a los asistentes. La conclusión es que se trata de un itinerario asistencial cargado de ideologías productivistas y biopolíticas que da prelación a las rutinas biológicas sobre las necesidades de acompañamiento de las madres y los padres.Palabras clave: Parto hospitalario público; apoyo emocional; acompañamiento paterno. AbstractScientific evidence shows how the continuous emotional support given by the father during labor reduces the duration of labor, the need for analgesia and increases the likelihood of spontaneous vaginal delivery, besides being a right for mothers who supports the legislation. Based on these assumptions the article explores maternal and paternal experiences related to accompaniment under the public hospital births. The information was obtained through conducting a series of semistructured interviews with parents who had been treated at a public health center. The testimonies speak of rituals that recluse mothers and exclude parents, moving the stage to the assistants. The conclusion is that it is a care pathway loaded of productivist and bio-political ideologies that gives priority to biological routines on the needs of accompanying of mothers and fathers.1 Enviar correspondencia a: José Manuel Hernández Garre (jmhernandez@ucam.edu) 81 revista de recerca i formació en antropologia