BACKGROUND: Changes in muscle mass, strength, vascular function, oxidative stress, and inflammatory biomarkers were compared in older adults after resistance training (RT) performed with low-intensity without blood flow restriction (RT-CON); low-intensity with BFR (RT-BFR); and high-intensity without BFR (RT-HI). METHODS: Thirty-two untrained individuals (72±7 y) performed a 12-week RT after being randomized into three groups: RT-CON –30% of 1 repetition maximum (RM); RT-BFR –30% of 1RM and mild BFR (50% of arterial occlusion pressure); RT-HI –70% of 1 RM. RESULTS: Improvements in handgrip strength were similar in RT-BFR (17%) and RT-HI (16%) vs. RT-CON (–0.1% ), but increases in muscle mass (6% vs. 2% and –1%) and IGF-1 (2% vs. –0.1% and –1.5%) were greater (p < 0.05) in RT-BFR vs. RT-HI and RT-CON. Changes in vascular function, morphology, inflammation, and oxidative stress were similar between groups, except for time to reach maximum red blood cell velocity which showed a greater reduction (p < 0.05) in RT-BFR (–55%) vs. RT-HI (–11%) and RT-CON (–4% ). CONCLUSION: RT with low intensity and mild BFR improved muscle strength and mass in older individuals while preserving vascular function. This modality should be considered an adjuvant strategy to improve muscle function in older individuals with poor tolerance to high loads.
Systemic and central cardiovascular adaptations may vary in response to chronic exercise performed with different intensities and volumes. This study compared the effects of aerobic training with different intensities but equivalent volume upon microvascular reactivity in cremaster muscle and myocardial biomarkers of oxidative stress in Wistar rats. After peak oxygen uptake (VO 2peak) assessment, rats (n = 24) were assigned into three groups: moderateintensity exercise training (MI); high-intensity exercise training (HI); sedentary control (SC). Treadmill training occurred during 4 weeks, with exercise bouts matched by the energy expenditure (3.0-3.5 Kcal). Microvascular reactivity was assessed in vivo by intravital microscopy in cremaster muscle arterioles, while biomarkers of oxidative stress and eNOS expression were quantified at left ventricle and at aorta, respectively. Similar increasing vs. sedentary control group (SC) occurred in moderate intensity training group (MI) and highintensity training group (HI) for endothelium-dependent vasodilation (10-4 M: MI: 168.7%, HI: 164.6% vs.
resumo Trata-se aqui de interpretar algumas passagens do Cândido no quadro das linhas de força do iluminismo francês, que dizem respeito ao modo de conceber a atividade do filósofo, orientado pela oposição entre as figuras do "filósofo de gabinete" e o "filósofo mundano." Do meu ponto de vista, esta oposição não encerra tão somente uma tomada de posição sobre a natureza da ação do filósofo, mas diz respeito mesmo a uma concepção do que é a "boa filosofia." Ao mesmo tempo, permitirá uma interpretação da famosa metáfora do jardim do final do Cândido à luz da concepção voltaireana da história.palavras-chave Filosofia; Engajamento; Ilustração; Candide; Filosofia da história.Tomemos a distinção, muito comum nas Luzes, entre o filósofo de gabinete e o filósofo homem do mundo. O filósofo de gabinete é bem representado por Descartes, que, ao pé da lareira, vestido em robe de chambre, reconstrói, por assim dizer, o mundo, tal como vemos nas Meditações. No parágrafo 2 da primeira meditação, Descartes diz que depois de muito tempo, decidiu-se então a empreender sua tarefa de buscar um fundamento sólido para as ciências, agora que se sentia com "o espírito livre de cuidados" e tendo um "repouso assegurado numa pacífica solidão" (DESCARTES, 1996a, p. 13). No Discurso do método, Descartes afirma que não quer ser acusado de ser como os espíritos inquietos, de temperamento perturbador, que querem praticar reformas no mundo, e que seu intento nunca foi além de procurar reformar meus próprios pensamentos e construir num terreno que é todo seu (DESCARTES 1996b, p. 15).
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