This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic properties and phenolic composition of peel and seed of avocado varieties Hass and Fuerte using green solvents. Ethanol soluble compounds were identified in peel and seed of both varieties using HPLC-MS/MS and quantified using HPLC-DAD. Agro-industrial by-products of both varieties exhibited high radical scavenging activity against synthetic free radicals (DPPH and ABTS) and reactive oxygen species (peroxyl, superoxide, and hypochlorous acid) and high ability to reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+. The main compounds with significant contribution to the antioxidant activity determined by online HPLC-ABTS●+ analyses were procyanidin B2 and epicatechin in the peel and trans-5-O-caffeoyl-D-quinic acid, procyanidin B1, catechin, and epicatechin in the seed. Peel of Fuerte significantly suppressed TNF-α and nitric oxide (NO) release (459.3 pg/mL and 8.5 μM, respectively), possibly because of the high phenolic content and antioxidant activity detected. Avocado agro-industrial by-products can be used for food and pharmaceutical purposes due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

RESUMO-O abacate é um fruto muito nutritivo, sendo a polpa a principal parte utilizada para consumo in natura, na forma de sobremesa, saladas, molhos e cosméticos, além de ser utilizada para extração de óleo. Os resíduos, casca e semente, ainda são pouco explorados cientificamente quanto ao seu potencial nutritivo e funcional. Neste trabalho, amostras liofilizadas da casca, polpa e semente de abacate 'Hass' foram submetidas a análises de composição centesimal, minerais, teor de compostos fenólicos totais e capacidade antioxidante. A polpa apresentou elevado teor de lipídios em relação à casca e à semente do abacate. Os elementos minerais foram superiores na casca dos abacates. A casca e a semente possuem maior teor de compostos fenólicos e atividade antioxidante em relação à polpa de abacate. Termos para indexação: Persea americana Mill, minerais, casca, semente, propriedade funcional. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITy OF THE PULP, PEEL AND By PRODUCTS OF AVOCADO 'HASSABSTRACT-The avocado is a very nutritious fruit being the pulp the main part used for fresh consumption, in the dessert form, salads, sauces and cosmetics, besides being used for oil extraction. The residues, peel and seed are still little explored scientifically as this nutritious and functional potential. In this work, freeze dryied samples of the pulp, peel and seed of the 'Hass' avocado were submitted to analyses of centesimal composition, minerals, total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. The pulp presented high content of lipids in relation to avocado peel and seed. The mineral elements were superior in the avocados peel. The peel and the seed possess larger total phenolic content and antioxidant activity in relation to the pulp.

JOANA GIFFONI FIGUEIREDO FUMES 3 RESUMOAvaliou-se o efeito da radiação UV-C na conservação pós-colheita do abacate 'Hass'. Frutos selecionados foram submetidos à radiação em luz UV-C por 5, 10, 15 e 20 minutos, mantidos sob refrigeração (10±1ºC e 90±5% umidade relativa) e avaliados durante 15 dias. Determinou-se a perda de massa, taxa respiratória, acidez total titulável (ATT), sólidos solúveis totais (SST), ratio (SST/ATT), pH, firmeza, fenólicos totais e atividade antioxidante por DPPH•. A firmeza e o conteúdo de fenólicos totais diminuíram durante o período experimental nos frutos de todos os tratamentos. Houve correlação significativa moderada (P=0,0; r=0,455) entre atividade antioxidante e compostos fenólico dos frutos. Os tratamentos cuja exposição a luz UV-C foi de 15 e 20 minutos apresentaram porcentagens de atividade antioxidante maiores em relação aos outros tratamentos, entre o 6 e 12 dias de armazenamento, perda de massa inferior ao tratamento controle e valores estáveis de sólidos solúveis durante o período experimental. Estes resultados apontam que a utilização da luz UV-C pode ser uma opção na conservação de abacate 'Hass'.

Fruits are important sources of nutritional substances and are rich in compounds with functional features that can be identified as good sources of natural antioxidants. The avocado is a tropical fruit with attractive nutritional and organoleptic characteristics, especially the amount of lipids with high content of unsaturated fatty acids that provide health benefits. Furthermore, agroindustrial residues such as peels and seeds obtained during processing contain bioactive compounds. However there are no studies about evaluate the capacity for scavenging reactive oxygen species, the anti-inflammatory activity and the phenolic composition of fruits and residues from avocado according to the scientific literature. A source of polyunsaturated fatty acids, the fruit must contain a variety of antioxidants, phenolic compounds among which, for protection and integrity against oil oxidation. The goal of the present study was to characterize, isolate and identify substances with antioxidant activity of the pulp, peel and seed of Hass and Fuerte avocados cultivars; evaluate the capacity for scavenging reactive oxygen species, the anti-inflammatory activity. The total phenolics content was measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The methods for evaluating the antioxidant activity used were the DPPH free radical and ABTS, -carotene bleaching, reduction of Fe 3+ , oxidative stability in Rancimat, evaluate the capacity for scavenging reactive oxygen species by ORAC, superoxide anion and hypochlorous acid. Peels and seeds of both cultivars showed higher antioxidant activity than the pulp of the fruit. Compounds present in peels and seeds from both cultivars were quantified through LC-DAD-UV and LC-MS/MS and confirmed through RMN. The compounds exhibiting the greatest antioxidant activity were trans-5-O-caffeoyl-D-quinic acid, procyanidin B 2 and epicatechin in the peels and trans-5-O-caffeoyl-D-quinic acid, procyanidin B 1 , catechin and epicatechin in the seeds. Residues from both cultivars exhibited high superoxide radical and hypochlorous acidscavenging capacity. Phenolic compounds found most frequently in the samples by GC/MS technique were trans-5-O-caffeoyl-D-quinic acid and epicatechin. Peel from the cultivar Fuerte significantly suppressed the production of TNF-α and NO, which are involved in inflammatory processes, and this suppression may be related to the high phenolic content and antioxidant activity observed. Residues of avocado processing can therefore be considered sources of bioactive compounds with high functional potential.

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ResumoEste trabalho teve por objetivo determinar a atividade antioxidante, teor de fenólicos totais e coloração em abacate 'Hass' submetido ao tratamento hidrotérmico. Os frutos foram submetidos ao tratamento hidrotérmico a 45 o C durante 5, 10, 15 e 20 minutos. Após o tratamento, os frutos foram armazenados em temperatura ambiente (21ºC±1 e 70±5% de umidade relativa) e sob refrigeração (10ºC±1 e 90±5% de umidade relativa). Os frutos foram analisados quanto à capacidade antioxidante pelo método DPPH e compostos fenólicos totais aos 0, 3, 9 e 12 dias. A coloração dos frutos foi avaliada aos 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 e 15 dias. Os frutos controle apresentaram maior capacidade antioxidante e teor de compostos fenólicos totais ao longo do período de armazenamento, quando comparados aos frutos submetidos ao tratamento hidrotérmico. A hidrotermia alterou o comportamento quanto à manutenção da atividade antioxidante em relação aos frutos controle. Apesar de valores superiores de atividade antioxidante para os frutos mantidos a 21ºC±1 e 70±5% de umidade relativa, aqueles refrigerados apresentaram melhor aspecto para comercialização. Os valores de luminosidade, cor a* e b* diminuíram com os dias de armazenamento. Valores superiores de cor foram observados para os frutos controle e mantidos sob refrigeração. Palavras-chave: Persea Americana Mill, refrigeração, pós-colheita AbstractThis study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity, total phenolic compounds and color in avocado 'Hass' hydrothermally treated. The fruits were hydrothermally treated at 45 o C for 5, 10, 15 and 20 min. After treatment, fruit were stored at room temperature (21±1ºC and 70±5% relative humidity) and cold (10°C±1 and 90±5% relative humidity). The fruits were analyzed for their antioxidant capacity by DPPH method and phenolic compounds at 0, 3, 9 and 12 days. The fruits color was measured at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days. The control fruits had higher antioxidant capacity and content of phenolic compounds during the storage period, compared to the fruits hydrothermally treated. The hydrothermally treatment altered the behavior as for the maintenance of the antioxidant activity in relation to the fruits control. In spite of superior values of antioxidant activity for the fruits maintained at 21±1ºC and 70±5% relative humidity, those refrigerated presented better aspect for commercialization. The refrigerated fruits presented better aspect for commercialization in relation to the maintained under room temperature. The brightness, color a * and b * values decreased with the storage days. Values color superiors were observed for the fruits control and those maintained under refrigeration. As it increased the irradiation dose reduced the fruits antioxidant activity and coloration.

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