This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic properties and phenolic composition of peel and seed of avocado varieties Hass and Fuerte using green solvents. Ethanol soluble compounds were identified in peel and seed of both varieties using HPLC-MS/MS and quantified using HPLC-DAD. Agro-industrial by-products of both varieties exhibited high radical scavenging activity against synthetic free radicals (DPPH and ABTS) and reactive oxygen species (peroxyl, superoxide, and hypochlorous acid) and high ability to reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+. The main compounds with significant contribution to the antioxidant activity determined by online HPLC-ABTS●+ analyses were procyanidin B2 and epicatechin in the peel and trans-5-O-caffeoyl-D-quinic acid, procyanidin B1, catechin, and epicatechin in the seed. Peel of Fuerte significantly suppressed TNF-α and nitric oxide (NO) release (459.3 pg/mL and 8.5 μM, respectively), possibly because of the high phenolic content and antioxidant activity detected. Avocado agro-industrial by-products can be used for food and pharmaceutical purposes due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

A acerola destaca-se por seu teor de vitamina C e seu potencial para industrialização. Seu aproveitamento é possível em produtos, como compotas, geleias, sucos e suplementos alimentares, entre outros. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver uma formulação de geleia a partir do suco e da polpa de acerola, além de verificar a característica físico-química e sensorial do produto. As geleias foram elaboradas com o suco integral e a polpa de acerola. As formulações foram T1 suco/açúcar (1/1); T2 suco/açúcar (0,6/0,4); T3 polpa/açúcar (1/1), e T4 polpa/açúcar (0,6/0,4), sendo todas com 1% de pectina. O processo de fabricação foi manual em tachos abertos de aço inoxidável. As avaliações no suco, na polpa e na geleia de acerola foram: pH, acidez, umidade, açúcar redutor, açúcar redutor total, ácido ascórbico e sólidos solúveis (ºBrix). Para suco e polpa, determinaram-se também teor de sólidos insolúveis em água, ratio e cinzas. Os resultados da avaliação físico-química da polpa e do suco de acerola mostraram características favoráveis à elaboração de geleia, não sendo necessária a adição de ácidos. A avaliação físico-química das geleias foi adequada ao produto, mantendo-se um teor de ácido ascórbico de 599,25 a 664,79 mg. As geleias elaboradas com polpa/açúcar (0,6/0,4) apresentaram coloração mais intensa com maiores valores de luminosidade e componentes de cor a* e b*. Em todos os aspectos sensoriais avaliados, os resultados foram desejáveis e as geleias obtiveram boa aceitabilidade. A relação polpa/açúcar 0,6/0,4 apresentou melhor aceitação em relação às demais formulações.

RESUMO-O abacate é um fruto muito nutritivo, sendo a polpa a principal parte utilizada para consumo in natura, na forma de sobremesa, saladas, molhos e cosméticos, além de ser utilizada para extração de óleo. Os resíduos, casca e semente, ainda são pouco explorados cientificamente quanto ao seu potencial nutritivo e funcional. Neste trabalho, amostras liofilizadas da casca, polpa e semente de abacate 'Hass' foram submetidas a análises de composição centesimal, minerais, teor de compostos fenólicos totais e capacidade antioxidante. A polpa apresentou elevado teor de lipídios em relação à casca e à semente do abacate. Os elementos minerais foram superiores na casca dos abacates. A casca e a semente possuem maior teor de compostos fenólicos e atividade antioxidante em relação à polpa de abacate. Termos para indexação: Persea americana Mill, minerais, casca, semente, propriedade funcional. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITy OF THE PULP, PEEL AND By PRODUCTS OF AVOCADO 'HASSABSTRACT-The avocado is a very nutritious fruit being the pulp the main part used for fresh consumption, in the dessert form, salads, sauces and cosmetics, besides being used for oil extraction. The residues, peel and seed are still little explored scientifically as this nutritious and functional potential. In this work, freeze dryied samples of the pulp, peel and seed of the 'Hass' avocado were submitted to analyses of centesimal composition, minerals, total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. The pulp presented high content of lipids in relation to avocado peel and seed. The mineral elements were superior in the avocados peel. The peel and the seed possess larger total phenolic content and antioxidant activity in relation to the pulp.

Starch extraction from roots and tubers uses grating with water and sieves to separate the starch slurry from residual mass. The starch is recovered by decantation or centrifugation. The yam starch extraction is difficult due to high viscosity of the slurry caused by non‐starch polysaccharides (NSP). The establishment of an efficient extraction process may turn yam into a competitive raw material. In this paper Dioscorea alata starch extracted by four methods was characterized in order to establish the impact of treatments. When the tubers were digested with an aqueous oxalic acid/ammonium oxalate (OA/AO) 1/1 solution, it was easier to separate the starch slurry from residual mass, because viscosity was reduced. For all the others methods tested, the viscosity remained almost the same. The nitrogen present in yam tubers was removed during the different extractions to a different extent. The largest nitrogen reduction was observed with OA/AO followed by the control (water). The spectrum of starch granules sizes obtained also varied according to the treatment. Results proved that NSP carries small starch granules over to the waste water. The smaller starch granules diameter varied from 1.9 µm (OA/AO extraction) to 13.5 µm (water and pectinase extractions). The larger diameter varied from 41.0 µm (NaOH treatment) to 67.7 µm (OA/AO). All starches extracted showed a RVA behavior in agreement with literature for yam starch, but with small differences due to the influence of methods. OA/AO extraction showed the best recovery (18 g of starch/100 g tuber yam) and granular variation but it interfered with the rheological behavior of starch.

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ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY AND POSTHARVEST QUALITY OF 'FUERTE' AVOCADOABSTRACT -Antioxidant capacity and quality of the avocado 'Fuerte' were evaluated. The fruits were maintained under room temperature (24 ± 1 ºC) and refrigeration (10 ± 1 ºC and 90±5% UR) during 15 days. Weight loss and respiratory rate were evaluated. Physical and chemical characteristics were determined: titratable acidity (TA), soluble solids (SS), ratio, pH, firmness, polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity, color (L, a* and b*), total phenolics and antioxidant activity (AA) for DPPH·. In the two storage conditions the breathing pick happened in the 9th day. The fruits maintained under refrigerated temperature presented smaller mass loss and larger firmness than those in room temperature. The respiratory behavior result in the values of TA and content of SS that decreased starting from respiratory pick. The pH values increased as a consequence of the decrease of the TA. Brightness values stayed high, being observed a decrease of the green component color and increase of the yellow in the pulp with the storage PPO activity decreased with the storage. The values of AA varied from 17,6 to 68,7%. Total phenolics content decreases after the breathing pick and growing values of AA were observed even after the 9th day.

RESUMO-O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade pós-colheita de jabuticabas submetidas a diferentes temperaturas de armazenamento refrigerado (AR). Após a colheita, os frutos fisiologicamente maduros foram acondicionados em bandejas de poliestireno expandido (EPS), revestidas por filme plástico de polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD) e armazenados sob refrigeração a 0; 3; 6; 9 e 12 ± 1ºC e U.R. 87 ± 2%, sendo avaliados a cada 5 dias. Os frutos foram avaliados quanto à perda de massa, atividade respiratória, pH, acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis, ácido ascórbico, textura, pectina total e solúvel, atividade da enzima polifenoloxidase (PFO), compostos fenólicos e atividade antioxidante. Para frutos refrigerados a 9 e 12ºC, o pico respiratório atrasou em relação aos demais tratamentos, além de apresentarem as menores taxas respiratórias. O teor de sólidos solúveis aumentou com o tempo de armazenamento para todas as temperaturas, contudo, em 9 e 12ºC, esse aumento foi em menor proporção. A firmeza e o teor de ácido ascórbico também foram superiores nos frutos armazenados a 9 e 12ºC, enquanto os contéudos de pectina solúvel foram menores. Observou-se a diminuição da atividade da enzima PFO ao longo dos 30 dias do AR, independentemente da temperatura utilizada; entretanto, os menores valores foram encontrados nos frutos mantidos a 9 e 12ºC. Os frutos armazenados a 12ºC apresentaram os maiores conteúdos de compostos fenólicos totais e a maior atividade antioxidante ao final do experimento. Nesse sentido, a temperatura de 12ºC foi a mais efetiva na manutenção da qualidade pós-colheita das jabuticabas. Termos para indexação: Myrciaria jaboticaba (Vell.) Berg, conservação, componentes funcionais. PHYSIOCHEMICAL, BIOCHEMISTRY AND FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERIZATION OF JABUTICABA STORED UNDER DIFFERENT TEMPERATURESABSTRACT -The present study aimed to measure the postharvest quality, the total phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of the jabuticaba fruits under a modified atmosphere at different temperatures of cold storage. After the fruits were harvested in the mature green stage, they were packed in expanded polystyrene (EPS) trays, covered by low densidy polyethylene (LDPE) plastic film and, stored at 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 ± 1ºC and RH of 87 ± 2%, being evaluated every 5 days. Fruit were evaluated for weight loss, respiratory rate, pH, titrable acidity, soluble solids content, ascorbic acid content, texture, total and soluble pectin and polyphenoloxidase activity, phenolics composition and antioxidant capacity. For the fruits stored at 9 and 12ºC the respiratory peak was delayed when compared to other fruits stored at low temperatures, and the respiration rate was lower. The soluble solid contents increased with storage time at all temperatures, but at 9 and 12ºC the increase was proportionally smaller. The texture and ascorbic acid contents were also higher in fruits stored at 9 and 12ºC, and they showed the lowest levels of soluble pectin. The polyphenoloxidase activity decrease during the 30 days of cold ...

ResumoSuco de maracujá desidratado por spray-drying, natural e adicionado de açúcar, foi embalado em embalagens laminadas e armazenado em ambientes de 30 e 40 °C e 84% de umidade relativa. Os sucos embalados tiveram sua vida útil avaliada por determinações físicas e microbiológicas. A adição de açúcar aumentou a solubilidade, a molhabilidade, o tamanho da partícula e os valores de L* luminosidade do produto, e diminuiu os parâmetros de cor a* (intensidade da cor vermelha) e b* (intensidade da cor amarela) do produto. Durante o armazenamento, os produtos se mantiveram microbiologicamente estáveis, mas fisicamente foram alterados em relação aos parâmetros de cor e tamanho da partícula, tornando-se escuros e aglomerados, notadamente aqueles adicionados de açúcar e expostos a 40 °C, não sendo recomendada esta adição. Do ponto de vista físico, o período seguro para armazenamento de suco de maracujá natural desidratado foi de 120 dias a 30 °C e 60 dias a 40 °C. Palavras-chave: secagem; armazenamento; suco de frutas. AbstractPassion fruit juice dehydrated by spray-drying, with and without commercial sugar addition, was wrapped in laminated packing. The packaged juice powder was stored and the shelf life was analyzed by physical and microbiology determinations, at room temperature of 30 and 40 °C and 84% of relative humidity. Adding sugar increased the solubility, wetability, particle size and luminosity L* value and decreased a* (red colour intensity) and b* (yellow colour intensity) colour parameters. During storage the dehydrated juice was microbiologically stable but, physically it was altered in relation to the colour and particle size of the parameters, becoming dark and agglomerated, especially for the added sugar exposed to 40 °C. Therefore this added sugar was not recommended. From the physical standpoint, the safe dehydrated natural passion fruit juice shelf life was estimated at 120 days at 30 °C, and 60 days at 40 °C.