This manuscript summarizes the process by which large trees are protected in Poland, how they gain protected status, and the use of acoustic tomography to assess the structural soundness of five individual trees. The authors discuss tree stressors and tree care options, and how the outcome of each assessment was used in the decision-making process. Moreover, the use of acoustic tomography as an assessment tool helps to gain public acceptance for the assessment. In sustainable development, there is talk of the conscious management of urban vegetation, and specifically tree populations in the city. In line with sustainable development, actions are taken to manage the existing natural resources, e.g., historic trees, properly. Thanks to using an acoustic tomograph, it is possible to diagnose old tree specimens, take care of the safety of people and property near the natural monument, and to test candidates for their eligibility as monuments. Thanks to the research presented, it was ordered that one poplar tree be left and observed in Lublin, that two linden trees be cut down in Sandomierz and Lublin, that arborist works consisting of lowering the height of a linden tree in Sandomierz be undertaken, and that monument protection be applied for an ash tree in Łęczna. A visual tree assessment (VTA) was the starting point for this research. Each of the trees could endanger the safety of site users, and the diagnostics performed using sound waves were crucial in assessing their health condition. Our results highlight that acoustic tomography is an essential diagnostic method applicable to trees belonging to cultural heritage, such as old trees, and is effective in preventive tree management through the monitoring of mid- to long-term changes in internal decay or cavities that are difficult to diagnose with the naked eye.

The aim of the study was to examine the usefulness of The Picus 3 Sonic Tomograph to assess the health state of trees of monumental sizes, which are an important part of the cultural landscape. In the study there were selected tree species Tilia cordata, Gingko biloba and Ulmus glabra growing in the vicinity of Lublin in different habitat conditions. Changes in the internal structure of the tree trunks were shown on the colour tomograms. Two tested specimens of Tilia cordata located in Radawiec Duży were intended to be cut down due to the construction of the ring road of Lublin. This made it possible to compare the obtained tomograms with the actual state of the inside of tree trunks after cutting down the examined trees. The results of Picus tomography Ulmus glabra and Gingko biloba growing in the historic park in Czesławice were confirmed by a visual assessment of trees. In each case the number of installed sensors influenced the image resolution and accuracy of the obtained tomograms. Diagnostics using sound waves is important in assessing the state of health of each tree, but it is especially recommended for testing of valuable trees. It allows for early diagnosis and selection of such protective actions to reduce to a minimum the destructive impact study on the body of the plant.

The mission of botanical gardens is to work towards the conservation and sustainable use of plant diversity. In the case of gardens established on the premises of former manor estates, actions are also being taken to properly manage existing natural resources, e.g., historic tree stands. This article is based on the case study of the Botanical Garden in Lublin. To assess the health condition of the trees growing in the oldest part of the park—Kościuszko Redoubt—sonic tomography examinations were performed. The article presents the practical application of a newer form of digital imaging, put to the service of assessing the health of old trees in an important public space. The Redoubt is the only work of defense architecture in Poland related to the activity of General Tadeusz Kościuszko, the hero of Poland and the United States of America. It has survived in an excellent condition, preserved without significant changes, as an earth structure with ramparts; an interior, i.e., a yard; a cannon post located on an inaccessible cliff; and a brick basement serving as a shelter for soldiers and a warehouse. The entire surroundings also survived: ravines masked with a wild green, embankments with a safe hidden access road to the Redoubt, and a shaped defense line. The Botanical Garden area is located in the Sławinek district, in the valley of the Czechówka River, and includes a fragment of it and the slope adjacent to the west, cut by three loess ravines. The Botanical Garden was established in 1965, where there was a manor farm earlier, and then in the 19th century, a spa that was destroyed during World War I and II. Good soils and a varied microclimate provide the right ecological conditions for the high biodiversity of plants. With an area of 21.15 ha, the Garden area has the character of a landscape park with the theme of a manor garden from the turn of the 18th/19th century and a spa garden. The primary purpose of the work was to investigate the effectiveness of the use of computer tools in the sustainable management of historical greenery in the Botanical Garden. Research has shown that diagnostics with the use of sound waves allow for an accurate diagnosis and quick protective measures against the tree, improving the safety of visitors to the botanical garden. Moreover, the obtained results and a historical query were used to prepare an application to recognize Redoubt as a monument.

One of the ways to reduce the water consumption by plants while maintaining their proper quality is to use substances that limit excessive transpiration. Three preparations at following concentrations: Moisturin (10%), Root-Zone (4.5%) and Vapor Gard (1%), were used in the experiment. Moisturin and Vapor Gard were applied in the form of a single spray, and Root-Zone as a single irrigation in mid July.The aim of the research was to assess the effect of several anti-transpirants on some biometric features of the ‘Tardiva’ panicled hydrangea depending on the frequency of irrigation. The following parameters were measured: area, perimeter, width and length of leaf blade, length and width of inflorescences, and the diameter of shoots. Treatment of H. paniculata cv. ‘Tardiva’ with Root-Zone and Moisturin anti-transpirants with a single irrigation every other day allows to reduce the water consumption and obtain shrubs of a quality comparable with plants irrigated twice a day. The use of Moisturin with a twice daily irrigation positively affected the length and width of inflorescences.

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Streszczenie.Człowiek od najdawniejszych czasów poszukiwał ratunku dla swego zdrowia w świętych gajach czy nad uzdrawiającymi rzekami i źródłami. Wówczas przyczyny choroby upatrywano w nieprzychylności duchów i bogów, a pośrednikami między nimi a ludźmi byli czarownicy, magowie. Powszechne było ziołolecznictwo. W Grecji lekarze skupiali się wokół świątyń Asklepiosa -boga sztuki lekarskiej. Świątynie, sanktuaria ze źródłami, studniami i ołtarzami otoczone gajami pełniły rolę kultowo-leczniczą. Za najwcześniejsze ogrody terapeutyczne można uznać średniowieczne ogrody klasztorne. Tam potrzebujący otrzymywali pomoc zarówno cielesną, jak i duchową. Przy klasztorach powstawały przytułki, szpitale i hospicja. W XVIII wieku w Europie zachodniej zaczęły powstawać miejskie szpitale w otoczeniu ogrodów, m.in. w Paryżu, Marsylii, Florencji, Pizie i w Wiedniu. Rozwój medycyny, higieny i rola kontaktu chorego z przyrodą w procesie leczenia oraz idee romantyzmu przyczyniły się do tworzenia uzdrowisk. Na polskiej wsi duże znaczenie w kształtowaniu świadomości medycznej miał dwór szlachecki. Posiadanie własnego zapasu lekarstw i ziół (kwiat lipowy, rumianek, mięta, suszone owoce, konfitury, miód) było naturalnym wynikiem dawnych potrzeb, ale i braku szerszego dostępu do lekarzy i aptek. Przełom XVIII i XIX wieku to początki rozwoju ogrodów przeznaczonych do czynnej terapii. W Stanach Zjednoczonych Ameryki Północnej ważnym elementem leczenia stał się kontakt z naturą i praca w ogrodzie lub na farmie. W Anglii w latach 30. XX wieku ogrodnictwo zostało oficjalnie uznane za metodę terapii dla fizycznie i psychicznie chorych. Czterdzieści lat później pojawiła się koncepcja ogrodu sensorycznego odpowiadającego na potrzeby ludzi niedowidzących. Pozytywne oddziaływanie przyrody na chorych i rekonwalescentów, potwierdzone w latach 80. badaniami Rogera Ulricha -niemieckiego behawiorysty i architekta krajobrazu -stało się ważnym etapem i kierunkiem leczenia w różnorodnych terapiach. Obecnie ranga ogrodów terapeutycznych wzrasta. To nie tylko miejsce uprawy roślin, w tym drzew, krzewów i gatunków ozdobnych z zastosowaniem określonych zasad kompozycyjnych, ale

School gardens play a huge role in learning about nature by children and young people. Lessons conducted in the open air surrounded by greenery develop the natural interests of students who can observe individual stages of plant development and change of seasons. In school gardens, classes in biological and chemical subjects, art, music, Polish and English can be conducted. The study presents a study of a selected case – a concept of land development at the Primary School in Stasin (Lubelskie Voivodeship) changing the current school environment into a sensory garden. The new project will meet the diverse needs of children, allow them to develop properly mental and physical, and allow teachers to conduct creative classes. The project created zones of the senses, dividing them into the zone of sight, hearing, touch, smell and taste. In addition, a representative zone in front of the building, an educational, sport and recreation zone were distinguished. Consistency of the whole assumption is provided by attractive plantings and unified small architecture.

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