No abstract

Leaf beet is one of several types of Beta vulgaris L. The vegetable originates from the Mediterranean area but is currently grown on a large scale in the US and Western Europe, e.g. Switzerland, Germany, France or England. In Poland, it is a less known vegetable, despite its high content of many valuable nutrients and excellent taste. One of the main factors affecting the size and quality of yield is nitrogen fertilization. Nitrogen is a structural element of plants and its deficiency significantly inhibits production of new plant tissue. This element is a component of nucleic acids, nucleotides, coenzymes, chlorophyll, phytohormones and cytokinines. The aim of this study was to conduct research on the effect of varied nitrogen fertilization on yielding and chemical composition of aerial parts of leaf beet. The experiment used three doses of nitrogen (0.2, 0.4, 0.6 g N dm -3 of medium) in the form of ammonium nitrate or urea. Plants were cultivated in a greenhouse, in 4-litre pots filled with highmoor peat limed to pH of 5.6 with waste chalk. The following fertilizers were used in the experiment: ammonium nitrate -34% N, urea -46% N, monobasic potassium phosphate -23% P, 28.2% K, magnesium sulphate -15.6% Mg, and microelements. In the cultivation of leaf beet, application of 0.4 g N dm -3 NH 4 NO 3 proved to be most beneficial as it led to the highest yield of fresh mass of leaves and highest content of L-ascorbic acid, whereas application of CO(NH 2 ) 2 in the amount of 0.2 g N dm -3 of the growth medium proved to be best, as it resulted in the lowest nitrate share in the dry mass of leaves. Regardless of the type of nitrogen fertilization, growth in the total salt concentration (EC) in the medium was shown as an effect of increasing doses of the applied fertilizers. Increasing the nitrogen concentration by 100% in the growth medium in relation to the lowest dose raised the Fe and Cu content in beet leaves and depressed that of Zn and Mn irrespective of the applied nitrogen fertilization. K e y w o r d s : Beta vulgaris L., doses and forms of nitrogen, nitrates, medium, macro-, micronutrients. ODDZIA£YWANIE NAWO¯ENIA AZOTOWEGO NA PLON I WARTOOEAE OD¯YWCZ¥ BURAKA LIOECIOWEGO AbstraktBurak lioeciowy jest jednym z typów uprawnych gatunku Beta vulgaris L. Ojczyzn¹ buraka lioeciowego s¹ kraje le¿¹ce w rejonie Morza OEródziemnego. Obecnie rooelina ta jest warzywem uprawianym na szerok¹ skalê w USA, a tak¿e Europie Zachodniej: Szwajcarii, Niemczech, Francji, Anglii. W Polsce jest warzywem ma³o znanym, mimo ¿e zawiera wiele cennych sk³adników od¿ywczych i smakowych. Jednym z g³ównych czynników wp³ywaj¹cych na wielkooeae i jakooeae plonu jest nawo¿enie azotowe. Azot jest pierwiastkiem budulcowym rooelin, a jego niedobór istotnie ogranicza powstawanie nowych tkanek rooelinnych.Pierwiastek ten wchodzi w sk³ad kwasów nukleinowych, nukleotydów, koenzymów, chlorofilu, fitohormonów, cytokinin. Celem pracy by³o okreoelenie wp³ywu zró¿nicowanego na-wo¿enia azotem na plonowanie oraz sk³ad chemiczny czêoeci nadziemnych buraka lioe...

In the cultivation of herbal plants, besides the size of the crop, the quality of obtained raw material is extremely important, which is proven not only by the appearance and taste, but also biological value. Factors that affect these parameters include plant nutrition. The main nutrient affecting the correct course of metabolic processes in a plant is potassium. To obtain high yield in terms of quantity and quality, the nutritional requirements of plants must be met. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of potassium nutrition on the quality of basil herb. The experiment was established in a two-factor scheme, in which the factors were: potassium dose (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 g K·dm–3) and the type of potassium fertilizer (KCl, K2SO4, KCl + K2SO4). The yield of basil plants was influenced by the dose and type of potassium fertilizers used (0.5 g K·dm–3 – 92.5; 1.0 g K – 67.3; 1.5 g K – 69.75 g·plant–1). The highest content of L-ascorbic acid was found in basil plants fed with the average potassium dose (65.9 mg·100 g–1 FW). The least nitrates (V) were contained in basil fertilized with KCl in the highest dose of K (63 mg·100 g–1 FW). No effect of the dose and type of potassium fertilizer on the content of phosphorus and sulfur in the plant material, was recorded. The content of Ca and Mg was influenced by both the potassium dose and the type of potassium fertilizer. The most of these components was revealed by plants fed with KCl, and with the increase of the dose, the content of both these mineral components decreased. Chlorine content in the herb increased with the applied potassium dose, the effect on the concentration of chlorine in the plant material was exerted by the type of potassium fertilizer applied – the highest concentration of this element was recorded. The content of macroelements in the substrate from basil cultivation was influenced by the dose and type of potassium fertilizers used. The best quality parameters of basil were obtained after application of 1.0 g K·dm–3 substrate in the form of KCl + K2SO4.

The aim of this study, conducted in 2005-2007, was to determine changes in the chemical composition of extracts from the rhizosphere of tomatoes and of drainage water in tomato culture set up on rockwool, perlite and expanded clay and nourished with one of the two nutrient solutions containing different concentrations of macronutrients (EC I: 2.4 mS cm-1 and EC II: 3.6 mS cm-1). Perlite and extended clay were placed in foil sleeves, whose shape and volume corresponded to the weight of rockwool. The tomatoes were grown with a dripping fertilization system and a closed nutrient solution circulation system, without recirculation, for watering. The solution supply frequency, controlled by a soltimer, depended on the intensity of solar radiation. The concentration and proportions of macronutrients in the nutrient solutions were adjusted to the requirements of particular developmental phases of the plants, in accordance with the current recommendations. The plants were grown in a prolonged cycle for 22 clusters (from the beginning of February to mid-October). Extracts from the rhizosphere and drainage water for analyses were sampled at a set time of the day, every four weeks, since the plants were placed on the mats. The analysis of the results revealed significantly more nitrate ions, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulphates and sodium in extracts from the rhizosphere and in drainage waters sampled from treatments fertilized with the concentrated solution (EC II), compared to the basic solution. In the drainage water from treatments fertilized with a solution of the basic macronutrient composition (EC I), the increase of ion concentrations appeared in the following order: N-NH 4 > P-PO 4 > Ca > S-SO 4 > K > N-NO 3 > Mg, whereas in the drainage water flowing from the treatments fertilized with the solution containing 25% more macronutrients (EC II), the ion concentration range was as follows: N-NH 4 > P-PO 4 > Ca > N-NO 3 > S-SO 4 > K > Mg. In the present study, the sodium content in drainage water was depressed compared to the nutrient solution dosed under plants with either of the two liquid feeds.

No abstract

Mineral nutrition and plant ontogeny influence both the physiological balance between nutrients in a plant and determine the proper nutritional status of a plant, which is necessary to realize the yielding potential of a cultivated species. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of nitrogen doses (0, 4, 8, 12, 16 g N·m−2) and plant development phases (the beginning and full flowering) on the content of macroelements and changes in ionic ratios occurring in the herb of the summer savory cv. ‘Saturn’. The two-factor experiment was carried out in a random-block design with five replications. The mineral nitrogen nutrition applied increased the concentration of total nitrogen and its mineral forms in the plants. There was a change in ion homeostasis in the individual stages of the ontogenesis process, i.e., a higher content of P, K, Ca, and S in the initial flowering phase as well as Mg and Cl in the full flowering phase. The increase in the availability of mineral nitrogen in the soil solution caused a decrease in total sorption capacity, reducing the potential of the soil for saturation with alkaline cations.

Streszczenie. W licznych badaniach potwierdzono pozytywny wpływ stosowania krzemu w uprawie, chociaż doniesienia dotyczące oddziaływania tego pierwiastka na skład chemiczny roślin są rozbieżne. Niejednoznaczne są również wyniki badań dotyczących wpływu stosowania krzemu na pobieranie manganu, który w nadmiarze może być silnie toksyczny dla roślin. Badania przeprowadzone w latach 2009-2010 miały na celu określenie wpływu dokorzeniowego stosowania krzemu (0, 250, 500 lub 750 mg·dm -3 ) i manganu (5,2 lub 52,0 mg·dm -3 ) na wielkość i skład chemiczny główek sałaty odmiany 'Omega F 1 ' uprawianej w szklarni. Dwuczynnikowe doświad-czenie przeprowadzono w układzie kompletnie zrandomizowanym. Rośliny uprawiano w doniczkach o pojemności 2 dm 3 napełnionych podłożem torfowym o pH 6,5. W badaniach odnotowano istotnie większą masę główek oraz większą zawartość suchej masy u roślin żywionych krzemem w dawce 250 mg·dm -3 w porównaniu z obiektami kontrolnymi, w których nie stosowano krzemu. W ocenie niezależnej od stosowania krzemu wykazano istotny wzrost masy jednostkowej główek sałaty nawożonej manganem w dawce 52,0 mg·dm -3 w porównaniu z obiektami nawożonymi dawką 5,2 mg·dm -3 . Sałata żywiona krzemem w ilości 750 mg·dm -3 zawierała istotnie więcej fosforu i potasu oraz mniej manganu w porównaniu z roślinami kontrolnymi, w których uprawie nie stosowano tego pierwiastka.Słowa kluczowe: Si, Mn, sucha masa, kwas L-askorbinowy, makroelementy, mikroelementy WstępLiczne badania dowodzą, iż żywienie krzemem korzystnie wpływa na plonowanie roślin oraz poprawia główne parametry jakościowe części użytkowych (Górecki i Da-

This experiment, carried out in a greenhouse from February to May in 2008-2010, was designed to determine the effect of an increased rate of nitrogen and potassium on the content of phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, chlorine and sulphur in basil herbage as well as to trace relationships between a basil cultivar and changes in the mineral composition of the herbage as influenced by the applied rates of nutrients. The mineral composition of basil herbage was determined on the basis of an analysis of the growing substrate conducted after the harvest of the experimental plants. Two Polish cultivars of basil, called Kasia and Wala, as well as a green-leaved form popular on the domestic horticultural market, were grown from seedlings in pots (4 dm 3 ) filled with sphagnum peat of the pH between 5.5-6.0. The following amounts of nutrients were applied, expressed in g per 1 dm 3 of the growing substrate: 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.9 N in the form of ammonium nitrate; 0.4, 0.8 K in the form of potassium sulphate; 0.4 P as 20% P superphosphate; 0. rate of nitrogen resulted in an increased concentration of the mineral nutrients determined in the basil herbage. The magnesium concentration in the basil herbage dry matter was not dependent on a cultivar and nitrogen rate, but increased under the influence of the higher amount of potassium applied. On the other hand, the raised amounts of potassium did not modify the concentrations of phosphorus and sulphur in the examined plant material.Key words: Ocimum basilicum L., cultivar, nitrogen and potassium fertilization. ZMIANY ZAWARTOOECI NIEKTÓRYCH MAKROELEMENTÓW W ZIELU BAZYLII POD WP£YWEM ZRÓ¯NICOWANEGŌ YWIENIA ROOELIN AZOTEM I POTASEM AbstraktCelem dooewiadczenia przeprowadzonego w okresie od lutego do maja 2008-2010 w szklarni by³o okreoelenie wp³ywu zwiêkszonej dawki azotu oraz potasu na zawartooeae fosforu, wapnia, magnezu, chloru i siarki w zielu bazylii oraz przeoeledzenie zale¿nooeci miêdzy odmian¹ bazylii a zmianami sk³adu mineralnego ziela pod wp³ywem zastosowanych dawek sk³adników pokarmowych. Analizê sk³adu mineralnego ziela bazylii oparto na analizie pod³o¿a po zbiorze rooelin dooewiadczalnych. Bazyliê dwóch polskich odmian Kasia i Wala oraz formy zielonolistnej, popularnej na krajowym rynku ogrodniczym, uprawiano z rozsady w doniczkach (4 dm Zbiór rooelin przeprowadzono na pocz¹tku kwitnienia (29 maja 2008, 25 maja 2009 i 27 maja 2010), oecinaj¹c nadziemn¹ czêoeae pêdu powy¿ej jej zdrewnia³ych fragmentów. Ziele wysuszono w temp. 70 o C, zmielono i przeznaczono do analiz chemicznych. Badane ziele bazylii okaza³o siê dobrym Ÿród³em fosforu, wapnia, chloru i siarki. Wzrastaj¹ca dawka azotu powodowa³a zwiêkszenie koncentracji badanych sk³adników mineralnych w rooelinie. Koncentracja magnezu w suchej masie ziela bazylii nie by³a uzale¿niona od odmiany oraz dawki azotu, natomiast zwiêksza³a siê pod wp³ywem wzrastaj¹cej ilooeci potasu. Zwiêkszona ilooeae potasu nie modyfikowa³a udzia³u fosforu i siarki w badanym materiale rooelinnym.S³owa kluczowe: Ocimum basilicum L., odmia...