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The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of different types of Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) in cattle skin lesions and to identify new viral types in Brazil. A total of 72 skin lesions were analysed from 66 different bovines by PCR using degenerate and specific primers, and subsequent sequencing. Sequencing quality was determined using Staden package with Phred 30. Similarity analysis was performed with BioEdit and BLAST programs to verify the identity with known BPV types. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using Maximum Likelihood method with TIM3 + G as nucleotide substitution model in PAUP*, and 1000 non-parametric bootstrap replicates. Analyses revealed the presence of ten different types of BPV in the samples, with the exception of BPV7. The presence of co-infections was very high as almost all samples (89%) were co-infected. A putative new BPV11 subtype was also found in lesions from different animals. These results add significant knowledge about the prevalence and diversity of BPV infection in Brazilian cattle, which could be used in future studies aiming at the development of more specific treatment and diagnostic methods.

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The diversity of papillomavirus (PV) found in bovine cutaneous warts from Brazilian cattle was evaluated using the PCR technique with the utilization of consensus primers MY09/11 and by PCR using Bovine Papillomavirus (BPV) type-specific primers followed by sequencing. Eleven cutaneous warts from 6 cattle herds were selected. Six warts were positive for the presence of PV. The presence of BPV types 1, 2, 3, 6 and feline sarcoid-associated PV (FeSarPV) in cutaneous wart lesions, as well as the presence of co-infections, was found. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that FeSarPV is described co-infecting a cutaneous wart in Brazil. The present study confirms the previous finding of FeSarPV infecting cattle. These results show the necessity of more studies to investigate the diversity of PV in cattle, its diversity and the possibility of co-infection in cattle and other animals.

The establishment of an association between prion protein gene (PRNP) polymorphisms and scrapie susceptibility in sheep has enabled the development of breeding programmes to increase scrapie resistance in the European Union. Intense selection for PRNP genotype may lead to correlated selection for genes linked to PRNP. We intended to investigate if any association exists between genetic variation in prion-like protein Doppel gene (PRND) and scrapie susceptibility, determined through PRNP genotyping. Sampling included 460 sheep from eight Portuguese breeds and the PRND gene coding region was analysed by multiple restriction fragment-single strand conformation polymorphism (MRF-SSCP), whereas PRNP genotyping was carried out by primer extension. A synonymous substitution (c.78G>A) was detected in codon 26 of the PRND gene, in all breeds except Churra Mondegueira. Linkage disequilibrium was found between the PRND and PRNP loci (P = 0.000). Specifically, PRND was monomorphic in the 45 animals with the more resistant ARR/ARR PRNP genotype (P = 0.003), whereas a higher frequency of PRND heterozygotes (GA) was associated with ARQ/AHQ (P = 0.029). These results constitute preliminary evidence of an association between a polymorphism in the PRND gene and scrapie susceptibility, and indicate that the possibility of undesirable consequences from widespread selection for PRNP genotype on genetic diversity and reproduction traits needs to be further investigated.

RESUMO: A Virologia proporciona conhecimentos básicos e aplicados para serem utilizados no dia-a-dia das pessoas visando melhorar sua qualidade de vida no tocante à saúde coletiva. Entretanto, há uma carência muito grande de estudos que analisam esses conceitos nos livros didáticos do ensino médio. Esta pesquisa analisou os principais conceitos da Virologia nos livros didáticos de Biologia do ensino médio mais utilizados em escolas do município de Aracaju, Sergipe. A análise foi feita com ênfase na verificação de erros conceituais e em uma possível consideração do conhecimento prévio dos alunos. Os livros apresentaram problemas com relação aos conceitos empregados e à contextualização. Os resultados obtidos indicam a necessidade de reformulação e atualização desses recursos didáticos para o auxílio no ensino da Virologia. Palavras-chave: Livro Didático. Virologia. Ensino Médio. ANALYSIS OF VIROLOGY IN HIGH SCHOOL BIOLOGY TEXTBOOKS ABSTRACT:The study of viruses provides basic and applied knowledge to be used in people's daily actions aimed at the improvement of the quality of life concerning collective health. However, there is a considerable lack of studies that analyze those concepts in the high school textbooks. This research analyzed the main concepts of the Virology in high school Biology textbooks widely used at schools of Aracaju, Sergipe state. The analysis was made with emphasis on the verification of conceptual mistakes whereas taking into consideration the students' previous knowledge. The books presented problems regarding the applied concepts and contextualization. The obtained results indicate a need for the reformulation and updating of those didactic resources with a view to assist in the teaching of Virology.

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