The prevalence of NAFLD is increased in women with PCOS and the presence of NAFLD is associated with high serum androgen levels, in addition to obesity and insulin resistance.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a multifaceted condition characterized by chronic anovulation and excess ovarian activity, in contrast to other causes of anovulation that involve ovarian dormancy or primary insufficiency. Recent studies indicated that PCOS is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation and that women with PCOS are at increased risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The inflammatory and metabolic derangements associated with PCOS are explained in part by the coexistence of insulin resistance and obesity but are further fueled by the androgen excess. New insights into the regulation of hormones and cytokines in muscle and fat tissue support the concept that PCOS is a systemic syndrome. The therapeutic plan should be tailored to the patient phenotype, complaints, and reproductive desire. Of note, the aromatase inhibitor letrozole seems to be more effective than the reference drug clomiphene citrate to treat infertility due to PCOS. Integral management by a multidisciplinary team may help the patients to adhere to lifestyle interventions and thereby reduce body adiposity and recover their metabolic and reproductive health.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by hyperandrogenism, amenorrhea, and polycystic ovaries. This endocrinopathy is associated with many metabolic disorders such as dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, with increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular complications. Inflammation is likely to play an important role in the promoting these metabolic imbalances, while prothrombotic and pro-oxidative mechanisms further contribute to the cardiovascular risk of these patients. The etiology of PCOS is still not fully understood, but there is evidence of genetic and environmental components. This review aims to discuss some molecular pathways associated with PCOS that could contribute to the better understanding about this syndrome. Recent evidence suggests that intrauterine exposure of female mice to an excess of anti-Müllerian hormone may induce PCOS features in their post-natal life. High cytokine levels and cytokine gene polymorphisms also appear to be associated with the pathophysiology of PCOS. Furthermore, high levels of microparticles may contribute to the altered hemostasis and enhanced inflammation in PCOS. All these mechanisms may be relevant to clarify some aspects of PCOS pathogenesis and inspire new strategies to prevent the syndrome as well as treat its symptoms and mitigate the risk of long-term complications.

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Women with PCOS had lower ANP and adiponectin compared with controls matched for age and BMI. Thus, the mechanisms that affect ANP and adiponectin production and clearance may be altered in PCOS, regardless of adiposity. These hormones may be involved in the metabolic features of PCOS.

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RESUMO: A Virologia proporciona conhecimentos básicos e aplicados para serem utilizados no dia-a-dia das pessoas visando melhorar sua qualidade de vida no tocante à saúde coletiva. Entretanto, há uma carência muito grande de estudos que analisam esses conceitos nos livros didáticos do ensino médio. Esta pesquisa analisou os principais conceitos da Virologia nos livros didáticos de Biologia do ensino médio mais utilizados em escolas do município de Aracaju, Sergipe. A análise foi feita com ênfase na verificação de erros conceituais e em uma possível consideração do conhecimento prévio dos alunos. Os livros apresentaram problemas com relação aos conceitos empregados e à contextualização. Os resultados obtidos indicam a necessidade de reformulação e atualização desses recursos didáticos para o auxílio no ensino da Virologia. Palavras-chave: Livro Didático. Virologia. Ensino Médio. ANALYSIS OF VIROLOGY IN HIGH SCHOOL BIOLOGY TEXTBOOKS ABSTRACT:The study of viruses provides basic and applied knowledge to be used in people's daily actions aimed at the improvement of the quality of life concerning collective health. However, there is a considerable lack of studies that analyze those concepts in the high school textbooks. This research analyzed the main concepts of the Virology in high school Biology textbooks widely used at schools of Aracaju, Sergipe state. The analysis was made with emphasis on the verification of conceptual mistakes whereas taking into consideration the students' previous knowledge. The books presented problems regarding the applied concepts and contextualization. The obtained results indicate a need for the reformulation and updating of those didactic resources with a view to assist in the teaching of Virology.