The deep-sea environments of the South Atlantic Ocean are less studied in comparison to the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. With the aim of identifying the deep-sea bacteria in this less known ocean, 70 strains were isolated from eight sediment samples (depth range between 1905 to 5560 m) collected in the eastern part of the South Atlantic, from the equatorial region to the Cape Abyssal Plain, using three different culture media. The strains were classified into three phylogenetic groups, Gammaproteobacteria, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, by the analysis of 16s rRNA gene sequences. Gammaproteobacteria and Firmicutes were the most frequently identified groups, with Halomonas the most frequent genus among the strains. Microorganisms belonging to Firmicutes were the only ones observed in all samples. Sixteen of the 41 identified operational taxonomic units probably represent new species. The presence of potentially new species reinforces the need for new studies in the deep-sea environments of the South Atlantic.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2193-1801-2-127) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Bacterial genome sequencing has revealed a vast number of novel biosynthetic gene clusters (BGC) with potential to produce bioactive natural products. However, the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites by bacteria is often silenced under laboratory conditions, limiting the controlled expression of natural products. Here we describe an integrated methodology for the construction and screening of an elicited and pre-fractionated library of marine bacteria. In this pilot study, chemical elicitors were evaluated to mimic the natural environment and to induce the expression of cryptic BGCs in deep-sea bacteria. By integrating high-resolution untargeted metabolomics with cheminformatics analyses, it was possible to visualize, mine, identify and map the chemical and biological space of the elicited bacterial metabolites. The results show that elicited bacterial metabolites correspond to ~45% of the compounds produced under laboratory conditions. In addition, the elicited chemical space is novel (~70% of the elicited compounds) or concentrated in the chemical space of drugs. Fractionation of the crude extracts further evidenced minor compounds (~90% of the collection) and the detection of biological activity. This pilot work pinpoints strategies for constructing and evaluating chemically diverse bacterial natural product libraries towards the identification of novel bacterial metabolites in natural product-based drug discovery pipelines.

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are a class of biopolymers with numerous applications, but the high cost of production has prevented their use. To reduce this cost, there is a prospect for strains with a high PHA production and the ability to grow in low-cost by-products. In this context, the objective of this work was to evaluate marine bacteria capable of producing PHA. Using Nile red, 30 organisms among 155 were identified as PHA producers in the medium containing starch, and 27, 33, 22 and 10 strains were found to be positive in media supplemented with carboxymethyl cellulose, glycerol, glucose and Tween 80, respectively. Among the organisms studied, two isolates, LAMA 677 and LAMA 685, showed strong potential to produce PHA with the use of glycerol as the carbon source, and were selected for further studies. In the experiment used to characterize the growth kinetics, LAMA 677 presented a higher maximum specific growth rate (µmax = 0.087 h−1) than LAMA 685 (µmax = 0.049 h−1). LAMA 677 also reached a D-3-hydroxybutyrate (P(3HB)) content of 78.63% (dry biomass), which was 3.5 times higher than that of LAMA 685. In the assay of the production of P(3HB) from low-cost substrates (seawater and biodiesel waste glycerol), LAMA 677 reached a polymer content of 31.7%, while LAMA 685 reached 53.6%. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that the selected marine strains have the potential to produce PHA, and seawater and waste glycerol may be alternative substrates for the production of this polymer.

The use of molecular diagnostic techniques for bioprospecting and microbial diversity study purposes has gained more attention thanks to their functionality, low cost and quick results. In this context, ten degenerate primers were designed for the amplification of polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase (phaC) gene, which is involved in the production of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)—a biodegradable, renewable biopolymer. Primers were designed based on multiple alignments of phaC gene sequences from 218 species that have their genomes already analyzed and deposited at Biocyc databank. The combination of oligos phaCF3/phaCR1 allowed the amplification of the expected product (PHA synthases families types I and IV) from reference organisms used as positive control (PHA producer). The method was also tested in a multiplex system with two combinations of initiators, using 16 colonies of marine bacteria (pre-characterized for PHA production) as a DNA template. All amplicon positive organisms (n = 9) were also PHA producers, thus no false positives were observed. Amplified DNA was sequenced (n = 4), allowing for the confirmation of the phaC gene identity as well its diversity among marine bacteria. Primers were also tested for screening purposes using 37 colonies from six different environments. Almost 30% of the organisms presented the target amplicon. Thus, the proposed primers are an efficient tool for screening bacteria with potential for the production of PHA as well to study PHA genetic diversity.

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Background: Cellulases and lipases have broad industrial application, which calls for an urgent exploration of microorganisms from extreme environments as valuable source of commercial enzyme. In this context, the present work describes the bioprospection and identification of deep-sea bacteria that produce cellulases and lipases, as well their optimal temperature of activity. Results: The first step of this study was the screening of cellulolytic and lipolytic deep-sea bacteria from sediment and water column, which was conducted with substrates linked with 4-Methylumbelliferyl. Among the 161 strains evaluated, 40 were cellulolytic, 23 were lipolytic and 5 exhibited both activities. Cellulolytic and lipolytic bacteria are more common in sediment than at the water column. Based on the ability to produce cellulases and lipases three isolates were selected and identified (16S rRNA sequencing) as Bacillus stratosphericus, B. aerophilus and B. pumilus. Lipases of strain B. aerophilus LAMA 582 exhibited activity at a wide temperature range (4º to 37ºC) and include psychrophilic behaviour. Strain Bacillus stratosphericus LAMA 585 can growth in a rich (Luria Bertani) and minimal (Marine Minimal) medium, and does not need an inducer to produce its mesophilic cellulases and lipases. Conclusions: Deepsea sediments have great potential for bioprospection of cellulase and lipase-producing bacteria. The strains LAMA 582 and LAMA 585 with their special features, exhibit a great potential to application at many biotechnology process.

A fermentação dos produtos da pesca é uma prática muito antiga e particularmente difundida na Europa e na Ásia. Alguns exemplos: os Titbits e Galffelbitars, fabricados na Noruega e na Suécia, e o Paak o Mam Chão e o Plaa-som, consumidos no Camboja e na Tailândia, respectivamente (PAlUDAN-MUllER et al., 2002). Pescado fermentado também pode ser denominado silagem de pescado, com uso para ração animal, visando o reaproveitamento de resíduos gerados pelas indústrias de pescado (AQUARoNE et al., 2001).Entre os micro-organismos associados com a produção de pescado fermentado, as bactérias ácido-láticas desempenham um papel fundamental, pois são capazes de alterar, de forma favorável, a textura e o sabor destes; inibir o desenvolvimento de organismos prejudiciais à saúde, e evitar a deterioração precoce dos produtos. Além do efeito de preservação das bactérias ácido-láticas, acredita-se que sua presença nos alimentos possa ter efeito probiótico, pela produção de ácidos orgânicos e bacteriocinas (MARTINIS;SANTARoSA;FREITAS, 2003).As bactérias ácido-láticas são caracterizadas como Gram-positivas, geralmente não móveis, não esporuladas, catalase negativas e produtoras de ácido lático, como o maior ou único produto fermentativo do metabolismo. os principais gêneros são: Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc e Lactococcus.Para que a fermentação dos alimentos seja eficaz e livre de contaminações, as bactérias ácido-láticas devem ser utilizadas como culturas iniciadoras, nas quais são inicialmente isoladas, cultivadas e posteriormente introduzidas no alimento que se queira fermentar. Por outro lado, alimentos fermentados espontaneamente, como a maioria dos produtos de pescado, sem a utilização de culturas iniciadoras, apresentam uma microflora Abstract lactic acid bacteria constitute a diversified group associated with the production of food, including fermented fishes. Through fermentative processes, it is possible to obtain several healthy and tasty products. Those bacteria are also important in medicine due to their probiotic activities. In this context, nine lactic acid bacteria were isolated from sardine and leatherjacket fish. Among them, two lineages, and the reference strain Leuconostoc mesenteroides ATCC8293 were physiologically characterized. Lactobacillus homohiochii F3 grew optimally at 40 °C, differently from Lactobacillus intestinalis G1 and Leuconostoc mesenteroides ATCC8293 that grew optimally at 30 °C. With regard to NaCl tolerance, L. homohiochii F3 and L. mesenteroides ATCC8293 grew in media containing 5% NaCl. Lactobacillus intestinalis G1 grew in media containing 7.5% NaCl and can be considered more halotolerant than the other species. L. mesenteroides ATCC8293 can be considered slightly halophilic. In non-optimal NaCl concentrations, the addition of organic solutes to the culture media was effective in restoring the osmotic balance of the bacteria. Keywords: Lactobacillus; marine fishes; compatible solutes. ResumoBactérias ácido-láticas (BAl) constituem um grupo diverso, associado à produção de alim...