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This work aimed to determine the economic injury levels and to establish sequential sampling plans for nymphs and adults of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci Genn. (Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae) in tomato fields. Densities of nymphs and adults, as well as crop yield were evaluated in 13 commercial tomato fields to determine the economic injury levels. The whitefly nymphs were sampled by direct counting in a leaf from the lower part of the canopy and the adults were sampled by beating an apical leaf against a white plastic tray. The sequential sampling plan was based on data collected in eight commercial tomato fields. The validation of the sequential sampling plan was carried out based on the curves of operational characteristics and average sample numbers. The decisions reached with the conventional and the sequential sampling plans in 21 commercial fields were compared for the intended validation of the sequential plan. The economic injury levels were four nymphs per leaf and one adult per tray. The decisions taken based on the sequential sampling plan were similar to those obtained through the conventional sampling plan. Most of the decisions taken with the sequential sampling plan were obtained through the minimum number of seven samples per field for nymphs and 11 samples per field for adults, with reductions of 84.44% and 54.17% in the number of samples required to reach a decision with the sequential sampling plan compared with the conventional sampling plan.

Turfgrass cultivation is a multi-purpose popular practice, associated with life quality of urban populations in consequence of its capability of providing safe, pleasant environments, suitable for recreational and sportive activities. Additionally, it plays relevant environmental functions. For these reasons, turfgrasses constitute an important segment of the agribusiness in many countries. In Brazil, the importance of this type of cultivation has increased in spite of the reduced number of available turfgrass cultivars. Research programs aiming the exploitation of his ample genetic diversity could promote Brazil to the forefront of this type of agriculture in the tropical world. In this work, we discussed and proposed degrees of relevance for different characteristics of grass plants destined for use as permanent ground coverage under a variety of Brazilian situations.

Since long lawns have been cultivated worldwide to perform a large variety of functions. Brazilian lawns have been constituted by a reduced number of species and cultivars. This work was developed with the purpose of estimating the potential of use as lawns presented by the members of a collection of accesses of native species of Paspalum and Axonopus (Poaceae). The following characteristics were evaluated: maximum vertical growth height, speed of soil cover, speed of regrowth, dry mass production, ornamental quality, weed encroachment and demand for mowing. Several accessions presented desirable characteristics and can therefore be included in programs aiming the development of cultivars for lawns intended for use in a variety of situations. The results here reported and discussed represent an experimental verification of the potential of the Brazilian flora to offer plants for use as lawns, reinforce the importance of native genetic resources and contribute to the continuity of research aimed at the development of this type of cultivars in Brazil.

RESUMO -Estudou-se, em laboratório, a seletividade dos inseticidas clorpirifós, deltametrina, dimetoato, ethion, monocrotofós e permetrina às vespas predadoras Apoica pallens Fab., Brachygastra lecheguana Latreille e Polistes versicolor versicolor Olivier (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) em concentrações que correspondem a 50% e 100% da dosagem recomendada para o controle do bicho-mineiro-docafeeiro, Perileucoptera coffeella Guérin-Meneville (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae). Deltametrina foi seletivo em favor de P. versicolor versicolor e A. pallens. O ethion foi medianamente seletivo a A. pallens e P. versicolor versicolor, e seletivo em favor de B. lecheguana. Os demais inseticidas não foram seletivos às vespas predadoras. A ordem crescente de tolerância das vespas a deltametrina foi: P. versicolor versicolor > A. pallens > B. lecheguana. Para o ethion esta ordem foi: B. lecheguana > P. versicolor versicolor > A. pallens. O clorpirifós, deltametrina, dimetoato, monocrotofós e permetrina apresentaram semelhante toxicidade às vespas nas duas dosagens utilizadas. O ethion, por sua vez, reduziu seu impacto sobre A. pallens e P. versicolor versicolor quando aplicado em subdosagem.Termos para indexação: Apoica pallens, Brachygastra lecheguana, Perileucoptera coffeella, Polistes versicolor versicolor, vespas. PHYSIOLOGIC SELECTIVITY OF INSETICIDES TO WASPS PREDATORS OF THE COFFEE LEAFMINERABSTRACT -The selectivity of the insecticides chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin, dimethoate, ethion, monocrothophos and permethrin to the predatory wasps Apoica pallens Fab., Brachygastra lecheguana Latreille and Polistes versicolor versicolor Olivier (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) was studied, in laboratory, using 50% and 100% of the dosages used for controlling the coffee leafminer, Perileucoptera coffeella Guérin-Meneville (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae). Deltamethrin was selective in favour of P. versicolor versicolor and A. pallens. Ethion showed median selectivity in favour of P. versicolor versicolor and A. pallens and good selectivity to B. lecheguana. The other insecticides were not selective in favour of the predatory wasps. The order of tolerance to deltamethrin was: P. versicolor versicolor > A. pallens > B. lecheguana. To ethion, the order was: B. lecheguana > P. versicolor versicolor > A. pallens. Chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin, dimethoate, monocrothophos and permethrin presented similar toxicity to the wasps in both dosages used. On the other hand ethion reduced its impact on A. pallens and P. versicolor versicolor when applied in subdosages.Index terms: Apoica pallens, Brachygastra lecheguana, Perileucoptera coffeella, Polistes versicolor versicolor, wasps. Lyonetiidae), constitui-se praga-chave do cafeeiro no Brasil, ocasionando grandes perdas à cultura, em virtude da redução da área fotossintética, que podem ocasionar prejuízos de até 80% na produção de plantas (Thomaziello, 1987).O controle químico do bicho-mineiro é empregado pela grande maioria dos cafeicultores; e o clorpirifós, deltametrina, dimetoato, ethion, monocrotofós e permetrina estão entre...

Screening for resistance to insect pests is one of the early stages of grass breeding programs. Pasture spittlebugs are sap-sucking insects that potentially cause severe damage to turfgrasses, including the loss of functional quality and perenniallity. The Brazilian flora has a large number of grass species with wide morphological variability and adaptability to different soil and climate conditions that can potentially be used as lawns. However, no study has screened turfgrass genotypes for resistance to spittlebug attack. In this study, we evaluated the intra- and interspecific variability of 35 turfgrass genotypes in the genera Paspalum, Axonopus, and Zoysia for resistance to the pasture spittlebugs, Deois flavopicta (Stal) and Notozulia entreriana (Berg) (Hemiptera: Cercopidae), as measured by damage scores, densities of nymphs and adults, and level of antibiosis resistance. Genotypes were grouped into three groups using cluster analysis and principal component analysis: GroupI had genotypes associated with low damage scores and high density of adult spittlebugs; GroupII had genotypes with intermediate damage scores and low density of nymphs and adults; and GroupIII was formed by genotypes with high damage scores and high nymph density. Intra- and interspecific genotypic variability was related to antibiosis resistance and morphological variation among genotypes with some indicating nonpreference resistance and others indicating tolerance resistance. Our results indicate that besides antibiosis resistance studies, it is essential to evaluate the morphological variability of grass genotypes when screening for resistance to insects. Further studies are needed to elucidate the intraspecific variability of Paspalum notatum Flüggé genotypes for resistance to spittlebug attack.

Insecticide Selectivity to Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and the Predator Doru luteipes (Scudder) (Dermaptera: Forficulidae)ABSTRACT -The objective of this work was to study the selectivity of the insecticides acephate, deltamethrin, dimethoate, methamidophos, methyl parathion, and pirimicarb to first, second, and third instar nymphs and adults of the predator Doru luteipes (Scudder) (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) in comparison with last instar nymphs of the prey Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Pirimicarb and deltamethrin were highly selective to all developmental stages of D. luteipes; the same was observed with acephate except for first instar nymphs to whom it showed median selectivity. Dimethoate showed median selectivity, but methamidophos and methyl parathion were low selective to the predator. Second and third instar nymphs and adults of D. luteipes were more tolerant to acephate, methyl parathion and pirimicarb than first instar nymphs. First and second instar nymphs showed similar tolerance to deltamethrin, dimethoate and methamidophos. Concentration-response curves for dimethoate (to adults and first and second instar nymphs) and methamidophos (to third instar nymphs) showed steeper slopes indicating an homogeneous response of these developmental stages to these insecticides.KEY WORDS: Insecta, Brassicae, cabbage aphid, earwig, insecticide toxicity.RESUMO -Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a seletividade dos inseticidas acefato, deltametrina, dimetoato, metamidofós, paratiom metílico e pirimicarbe a ninfas de último estádio de Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), em relação a adultos e ninfas de primeiro, segundo e terceiro estádios do predador Doru luteipes (Scudder) (Dermaptera: Forficulidae). Pirimicarbe e deltametrina foram altamente seletivos em favor de todos os estádios de desenvolvimento de D. luteipes, sendo que o mesmo ocorreu para o acefato, com exceção de ninfas de primeiro estádio do predador às quais ele é medianamente seletivo. Dimetoato foi, em geral, medianamente seletivo enquanto metamidofós e paratiom metílico foram pouco seletivos em favor do predador. Adultos e ninfas de segundo e terceiro estádios de D. luteipes foram mais tolerantes ao acefato, paratiom metílico e pirimicarbe do que ninfas de primeiro estádio do predador. Ninfas de primeiro e segundo estádios apresentaram tolerância semelhante a deltametrina, dimetoato e metamidofós. As curvas de concentração-mortalidade do dimetoato (para adultos, ninfas de primeiro e segundo estádios do predador) e metamidofós (para ninfas de terceiro estádio) apresentaram as maiores inclinações, indicando que os estádios estudados apresentam resposta homogênea a esses inseticidas.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Insecta, Brassicae, pulgão da couve, tesourinha, toxicidade de inseticidas.Entre as pragas-chave de brássicas, encontra-se o pulgão Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), que causa grandes prejuízos devido à sucção contínua de seiva e introdução de toxinas no sistema vascular das planta...

The control of Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on okra Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) (Malvaceae) consist primarily in the use of insecticides, due to the lack of information on other mortality factors. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of predators and parasitoids, height of canopy, plant age, leaf areas, organic compounds leaves, levels of leaf nitrogen and potassium, density of leaf trichomes, total rainfall and median temperature on attack intensity of A. gossypii on two successive A. esculentus var. Santa Cruz plantations. Monthly number estimates of A. gossypii and natural enemies (visual inspection) occurred on bottom, middle and apical parts of 30 plants/plantation (one leaf/plant). Plants senescence, leaf areas and natural enemies, mainly Adialytus spp., spiders and Coccinellidae, were some of the factors that most contributed to aphid reduction. A higher number of aphids was found on the bottom part than medium and apical parts of okra plants. Total rainfall can reduce the aphid population. Trichomes non-glandular or low density, organic compounds leaves and levels of N and K were not important for reducing aphid population.Index terms: Abelmoschus esculentus, aphid, natural enemies, leaf area, nitrogen. RESUMOO controle de Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) em quiabeiro Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) (Malvaceae) consiste principalmente no uso de inseticidas, em virtude da falta de informação sobre outros fatores de mortalidade. Objetivou-se com este estudo determinar os efeitos de predadores e parasitóides, altura de dossel, idade da planta, área foliar, compostos orgânicos foliares, níveis de nitrogênio e potássio, densidade de tricomas, pluviosidade e temperatura na intensidade de ataque de A. gossypii em dois cultivos sucessivos de Abelmoschus esculentus var. Santa Cruz. Estimou-se, mensalmente, o número de A. gossypii e de inimigos naturais (inspeção visual) ocorridos nas folhas (uma folha/planta) localizadas nas partes basal, mediana e apical de 30 plantas/ plantação. Os fatores que mais contribuíram com a redução da população de pulgões foram a senescência de plantas, área foliar e inimigos naturais, principalmente Adialytus spp., aranhas e Coccinellidae. Maior número de pulgões foi observado na parte basal que na mediana e apical de plantas de quiabeiro. A pluviosidade total pode reduzir a população de pulgões. Tricomas tectores (não-glandulares) ou baixa densidade destes, compostos orgânicos foliares e níveis de N e de K não foram importantes para a redução da população de pulgões. Termos para indexação:Abelmoschus esculentus, afídeos, inimigos naturais, área foliar, nitrogênio.