As amostras foram agrupadas em BVDV-1 (11/19), BVDV-2 (6/19) e num terceiro grupo de amostras denominadas "atípicas" (2/ 19). Das onze amostras genotipadas como BVDV-1, oito amostras foram sub-genotipadas como BVDV-1a, enquanto que a maioria (4/6) das amostras de BVDV-2 foi agrupada como BVDV2b. Duas amostras provenientes de fetos bovinos abortados foram classificadas como atípicas, não BVDV-1 e 2. A presença da diversidade genética de BVDV detectada nas amostras estudadas pode ser responsável por falhas vacinais e de diagnóstico e deve influenciar nas estratégias de controle do BVDV aplicadas nas diferentes regiões brasileiras.TERMOS DE INDEXAÇÃO: BVDV-1, BVDV-2, Pestivirus, Brazil, análise filogenética. INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTIONInfections of cattle by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) are widespread cause of major economic losses to the cattle industry (Houe 1999). Clinical symptoms may involve the reproductive, respiratory, immune, and gastrointestinal systems, with signs that may range from disease with high mortality rates to asymptomatic infections. The latter is observed in most cases (Pellerin et al. 1994, Ridpath et al.1994, Baker 1995, Fray et al. 2000.BVDV is an enveloped RNA virus that belongs to family Flaviviridae, genus Pestivirus. The viral positive single stranded genome of approximately 12.5 kb in size contains a single open reading frame (ORF) flanked by two non-translating terminal regions, named 5' and 3'-UTR. The single ORF is directly translated and gives rise to a long polyprotein which is co-translationally cleaved, originating 10 to 12 mature viral proteins (Collet et al. 1988, Meyer et al. 1989.Isolates have been subdivided in genotypes BVDV-1 and BVDV-2. These were further split into subgenotypes.
This study demonstrated the importance of NoV infections causing severe acute gastroenteritis in hospitalized children in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Molecular epidemiology surveillance determining the circulation pattern of different genotypes and recombinant strains is helpful for designing prevention strategies of NoV transmission in children. Studies concerning the prevalence and the molecular epidemiology of gastroenteric viruses in hospitalized children are particularly important to evaluate the impact of the rotavirus vaccine in Brazil.
An epidemiological study was carried out in order to characterize the bovine tuberculosis situation and to support the planning and implementation of the National Program for the Control and Eradication of Bovine Tuberculosis in the State of Bahia, owing to the importance of the disease in causing economic burdens and its impact on public health. The State was divided into four regions. In each region, properties were randomly chosen and, a pre-established number of animals was also randomly selected; these animals then subjected to the intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin diagnostic test. Animals with inconclusive test results were retested with the same diagnostic procedure within a minimum interval of 60 days. Within each sampled property, a questionnaire was administered to verify possible risk factors for the disease. In the State, the prevalence of infected herds was 1.6% [1.0-2.6] and that of infected animals 0,21% [0,07; 0,60]. In the regions, the prevalence of infected herds and infected animals were, respectively, 2,0% [1,0; 4,2%] and 2,0% [1,0; 4,2%] In conclusion, it is recommended that the State of Bahia implement a surveillance system for the detection of herds with bovine tuberculosis to certifying them in free herds, with special attention to dairy properties, and develop a solid program of health education so that producers test animals for bovine tuberculosis before introducing them into their herds. para caracterizar a situação da enfermidade no estado. O Estado foi estratificado em quatro regiões. Em cada região, propriedades foram sorteadas aleatoriamente e, dentro dessas, escolheu-se de forma também aleatória um número pré-estabelecido de animais, os quais foram submetidos ao teste tuberculínico Cervical Comparativo. Os animais que resultaram inconclusivos foram retestados com o mesmo procedimento diagnóstico em intervalo mínimo de 60 dias. Em cada propriedade amostrada aplicou-se um questionário para se verificar possíveis fatores de risco para a doença. No Estado, a prevalência de focos foi de 1,6% [1,0; 2,6%] e a de animais 0,21% [0,07; 0,60]. Nas regiões, as prevalências de focos e de animais foram, respectivamente de 2,0% [1,0; 4,2%] e 0,08% [0,035; 0,17] (OR= 9,72), ser propriedade mista (OR= 6,66) e tamanho do rebanho ≥ 18 fêmeas ≥ 24 meses (OR= 8,44). Concluindo, recomenda-se que o Estado da Bahia implemente um sistema de vigilância para detecção e saneamento dos focos de tuberculose bovina, com especial atenção para as propriedades produtoras de leite, e que desenvolva uma sólida ação de educação sanitária para que seus produtores passem a testar os animais para tuberculose bovina antes de introduzi-los em seus plantéis. Palavras-chave: Tuberculose bovina. Prevalência. Fatores de risco. Bahia. Brasil.
A cross sectional study was performed to assess the epidemiological status of bovine tuberculosis in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, in 2013. The state was divided into seven regions, and a preset number of herds was randomly sampled in each region. From each farm, female cattle aged 24 months or older were randomly sampled and subjected to the comparative cervical tuberculin test (CCTT). Animals with inconclusive test results were re-tested with the same diagnostic procedure after a minimum interval of 60 days. A total of 31 832 animals were tested from 2 182 farms. An epidemiological questionnaire was administered in the farms to identify risk factors associated with bovine tuberculosis. Prevalence in the state was estimated at 4.25% (95% CI: 3.36% -5.15%) for herds and at 0.56% (95% CI: 0.46% -0.66%) for animals. Data on herd prevalence for bovine tuberculosis for each stratum showed the highest prevalences at region Sul e Sudoeste (stratum 5) and region Central (stratum 3) which were significantly different from the lowest prevalences found at regions Noroeste, Norte e Nordeste (stratum 1) and region Leste (stratum 2). The highest animal prevalences observed for the region Sul e Sudoeste (stratum 5), region Zona da Mata (stratum 4) and region Central (stratum 3) were significantly different from the lowest ones at region Triângulo Mineiro (stratum 7), region Noroeste, Norte, e Nordeste (stratum 1) and region Leste (stratum 2). The presence of bovine tuberculosis was associated with animal purchase from cattle traders ResumoFoi realizado um estudo transversal para avaliar a situação epidemiológica da tuberculose bovina no estado de Minas Gerais em 2013. O Estado foi dividido em sete regiões e um número predefinido de fazendas foi amostrado aleatoriamente em cada região. Dentro de cada propriedade, fêmeas com idade igual ou superior a 24 meses foram escolhidas aleatoriamente e submetidas ao Teste Tuberculínico Cervical Comparativo (CCTT). Os animais com resultados inconclusivos foram retestados com o mesmo procedimento diagnóstico após um intervalo mínimo de 60 dias. Um total de 31832 animais foram testados provenientes de 2182 propriedades. Um questionário epidemiológico foi aplicado em cada fazenda para identificar fatores de risco associados à tuberculose bovina. A prevalência de focos no estado foi de 4,25% (IC 95%: 3,36 -5,15) e 0,56% (IC 95%: 0,46 -0,66) de animais. Em relação a prevalência de rebanho com tuberculose bovina para cada estrato, as maiores prevalências foram observadas nas regiões Sul e Sudoeste (estrato 5) e Central (estrato 3), que foram significativamente diferentes das menores prevalências encontradas nas regiões Noroeste, Norte e Nordeste (estrato 1) e Leste (estrato 2). As maiores prevalências de animais observadas nas regiões Sul e Sudoeste (estrato 5), Zona da Mata (estrato 4) e Central (estrato 3) foram significativamente diferentes das menores encontradas nas regiões do Triângulo Mineiro (estrato 7), Noroeste, Norte, e Nordeste (estrato 1) e Leste (estrato 2). A prese...
Serum samples from 1028 sheep were collected from 32 herds within Federal District, in the central region of Brazil. The samples were examined by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) using sera diluted 1:64 and 1:50 as cut-off values for the detection of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum, respectively. The observed prevalence for T. gondii infection was 38.22% (26.81%
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