Background: Incidental gallbladder cancer is defined as a cancer discovered by histological examination after cholecystectomy. It is a potentially curable disease. However, some questions related to their management remain controversial and a defined strategy is associated with better prognosis. Aim: To develop the first evidence-based consensus for management of patients with incidental gallbladder cancer in Brazil. Methods: Sixteen questions were selected, and 36 Brazilian and International members were included to the answer them. The statements were based on current evident literature. The final report was sent to the members of the panel for agreement assessment. Results: Intraoperative evaluation of the specimen, use of retrieval bags and routine histopathology is recommended. Complete preoperative evaluation is necessary and the reoperation should be performed once final staging is available. Evaluation of the cystic duct margin and routine 16b1 lymph node biopsy is recommended. Chemotherapy should be considered and chemoradiation therapy if microscopically positive surgical margins. Port site should be resected exceptionally. Staging laparoscopy before reoperation is recommended, but minimally invasive radical approach only in specialized minimally invasive hepatopancreatobiliary centers. The extent of liver resection is acceptable if R0 resection is achieved. Standard lymph node dissection is required for T2 tumors and above, but common bile duct resection is not recommended routinely. Conclusions: It was possible to prepare safe recommendations as guidance for incidental gallbladder carcinoma, addressing the most frequent topics of everyday work of digestive and general surgeons.

No abstract

Introduction: Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNET) correspond to about 3% of all tumors in pancreas and could be presented as a difficult diagnosis and management. Objective: To review the diagnosis and treatment of the pNET available in scientific literature. Method: A bibliographic survey was performed by means of an online survey of MeSH terms in the Pubmed database. A total of 104 articles were published in the last 15 years, of which 23 were selected as the basis for the writing of this article. Results: pNET is an infrequent neoplasia and their incidence, in USA, is about 1:100.000 inhabitants/year. Thereabout 30% of them produce hormones presenting as a symptomatic disease and others 70% of the cases could be silent disease. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and/or Computed Tomography (CT) have similar sensitivy to detect pNET. They are very important when associated to nuclear medicine mainly Positron Emission Tomography (PET-CT) Gallium-68 to find primary tumor and its staging. The appropriate treatment should be chosen based on characteristics of the tumor, its staging and associated comorbidities. Conclusion: The surgical resection is still the best treatment for patients with ressectable pancreatic NETs. However, the size, grade, tumor functionality, stage and association with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1) are important to define who will be eligible for surgical treatment. In general, tumors bigger than 2 cm are eligible for surgical treatment, except insulinomas whose surgical resection is recommended no matter the size.

Background: Primary intrahepatic lithiasis is defined when the stones are formed in the liver and associated with local dilatation and biliary stricture. Liver resection is the ideal procedure. Aim: To evaluate the results of liver resection in the treatment of non-oriental intrahepatic lithiasis. Methods: Fifty-one patients with symptomatic benign non-oriental hepatolithiasis underwent surgical resection in six institutions in Brazil. Demography data, clinical symptoms, classification, diagnosis, management and postoperative course were analyzed. Results:Of the 51 patients, 28 were male (54.9%), with a mean age of 49.3 years. History of cholangitis was observed in 15 (29.4%). The types of intrahepatic lithiasis were type I in 39 (76.5%) and type IIb in 12 (23.5%), with additional type Ea in six (11.8%). Liver function test were normal in 42 patients (82.4%). Segmental atrophy was observed in 12 (23.5%). Treatments included left lateral sectionectomy in 24 (47.1%), left hepatectomy in 14 (27.5%) and right hepatectomy in eight (15.7%), with associated hepaticojejunostomy in four (7.8%). Laparoscopic liver resection was performed in eight (15.7%). Postoperative complications were observed in 20 (39.2%) with no mortality. Conclusion:Liver resection in patients with hepatolithiasis is the ideal procedure as it removes stones, stricture, atrophic parenchyma, and minimizes the risk of cholangiocarcinoma.

OBJETIVO: Determinar os fatores preditivos de complicações da colangio-pancreatografia retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) nos doentes com suspeita diagnóstica de coledocolitíase. MÉTODO: Os dados foram coletados retrospectivamente durante o período de agosto de 1999 a janeiro 2005. Foram incluídos os doentes com suspeita diagnóstica de coledocolitíase submetidos à CPRE internados na Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo. Os doentes com neoplasia de vias biliares ou de pâncreas foram excluídos. Foram avaliados: o sucesso do procedimento, as complicações como pancreatite, sangramento, colangite, perfuração, vômitos, hiperamilasemia e em quais situações estas complicações se desenvolveram. Os testes t de Student, Qui-quadrado e o teste exato de Fisher foram empregados para análise estatística, considerando-se p< 0,05 como significativo. RESULTADOS: Cento e setenta oito doentes foram incluídos, sendo 52 homens e 126 mulheres com média etária de 54,3 + 19,3. A CPRE confirmou o diagnóstico de coledocolitíase em 124 doentes (69,7%), obtendo sucesso no tratamento endoscópico em 92 casos (74,2%). As complicações foram detectadas em 19 doentes (10,7%), com seis casos de pancreatite aguda (3,4%), quatro (2,2%) que tiveram sangramento durante o procedimento endoscópico, dois (1,1%) doentes que desenvolveram colangite, um (0,6%) com perfuração duodenal, quatro (2,2%) com vômitos sem pancreatite e dois (1,1%) com complicações clinicas. A cateterização do ducto pancreático durante a realização do procedimento endoscópico esteve associada com o desenvolvimento de pancreatite aguda (p=0,004). CONCLUSÃO: A cateterização do pâncreas durante a CPRE constituiu um fator preditivo para o desenvolvimento de pancreatite aguda pós-CPRE.

Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy has emerged as an aggressive treatment option with intent to either cure or extend disease-free survival of selected patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis. However, postoperative complications are common. We describe the cases of 2 men who underwent CRS with hyperthermic intraperitoneal oxaliplatin and developed scrotal pain, which was consistent with noninfectious epididymitis.

No abstract

Abstract:Despite rare, metastatic anal carcinoma confers a poor prognosis. Systemic chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment for advanced disease while the role of biologics and/or surgical resection of metastatic disease are anecdotal. Compared to isolated liver colorectal or neuroendocrine cancer liver metastases, there is far less experience with resection or nonsurgical local ablative procedures for patients with metastatic anal carcinoma to the liver. We report the case of a 67-year-old woman with metastatic anal carcinoma to the liver who was successfully treated with liver resection and remains free of relapse more than one year later. pelvis, which showed a 5.1-cm anal canal lesion as well as enlarged bilateral inguinal lymph nodes (2.0 cm), consistent with a clinical stage IIIB. At that time, the patient was treated with standard chemoradiation (CRT) consisting of mitomycin C (12 mg/m 2 , given on day 1) and Capecitabine (825 mg/m 2 twice daily during the days of radiotherapy). KeywordsThe total radiation therapy dose was 54 Gy in 27 fractions. During CRT, she developed grade 3 cutaneous radiation dermatitis and grade 3 diarrhea. Clinical examination four weeks after finishing CRT revealed complete regression of the anal tumor with no palpable inguinal lymphadenopathy. Nevertheless, 4 months after the completion of CRT, she developed at least three metastatic liver lesions in segments V and VI, measuring approximately 3.6 cm each. She was treated with 6 cycles of weekly Paclitaxel (80 mg/m²) and Cetuximab (400 mg/m² in the first cycle followed by 250 mg/m²). A repeat CT scan as well as a PET-CT scan revealed considerable increase in the size of the larger liver mass, which measured 13.1 cm × 10.7 cm × 10.6 cm, without new metastases (Figures 1 and 2). At that point, the patient was complaining of intense fatigue, anorexia, as well as upper abdominal pain. She was confined to bed with an extremely poor quality of life. Her lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level was 1,045 U/L (normal values: 180-460 U/L). After extensive discussion with the patient and her family, it was decided to proceed with right hepatectomy. The postoperative period was uncomplicated and the patient was discharged home six days later. Histological findings of the resected specimen demonstrated metastatic squamous cell carcinoma with extensive necrosis, consistent with the known primary tumor of the anal canal, with free margins. Thirteen months after surgery, the patient remains remarkably well and free of recurrence (Figures 3 and 4). DiscussionIn patients with primary tumors of the gastrointestinal tract (especially colorectal adenocarcinoma and small intestine neuroendocrine tumors), the most likely mode of spread to the liver is through portal venous drainage or via direct intra-abdominal lymphatic channels. For other primary malignancies, metastases commonly reach the liver via systemic circulation, implying that extra-hepatic sites may have the same probability of being involved. Based on this rationale, hepatic resection of non-co...