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Patterns of phenological variation and reproductive investment were studied in the dioecious shrub Baccharis dracunculifolia DC (Asteraceae), and possible consequences on survivorship were evaluated. The sex ratio was determined in a natural field population (n = 921) of B. dracunculifolia in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Fifty-two males and 56 females were sampled at random from this population. During the reproductive season of 1999, inflorescence production, shoot growth and mortality, and xylem water potential were recorded for each individual. The population sex ratio was male-biased (1.27 : 1, P < 0.05), and was associated with a higher mortality of female shoots (38.4 vs. 23.1 %, P < 0.05), and individuals (17.8 vs. 11.5 %, P < 0.1), despite lower water stress in female plants. Flowering phenology also differed between the sexes, with males producing more inflorescences, and earlier, than females. Owing to fruit maturation, the number of inflorescences supported by females was higher than that supported by males later in the reproductive season. This occurred during the dry season, and drought stress may have been responsible for the greater female mortality. Thus, the male-biased sex ratio in this population of B. dracunculifolia is probably due to different reproductive functions of males and females. Intersexual differences in reproductive phenology had consequences for plant demography.

Abstract.  1. The relative importance of direct and indirect interactions in controlling organism abundance is still an unresolved question. This study investigated the role of the direct and indirect interactions involving ants, aphids, parasitoids, and the host plant Baccharis dracunculifolia(Asteraceae) on a galling herbivore Baccharopelma dracunculifoliae(Homoptera: Psyllidae).2. The effects of these interactions on the galling herbivore's performance were evaluated by an exclusion experiment during two consecutive generations of the galling insect.3. Ants had a direct negative effect on the performance of the galling herbivore by reducing the number of nymphs per gall. In contrast, ants had no indirect effects on gall mortality through the associated parasitoids.4. Aphids negatively affected gall development, suggesting that galls and aphids might be partitioning photoassimilates and nutrients moving throughout host‐plant tissues.5. In addition, galls that developed during the rainy season were heavier, indicating that variation in the host plant, due to weather changes, can affect the development of B. dracunculifoliae galls. However, variation in the development of B. dracunculifoliae galls due to presence of aphids or the weather changes did not affect parasitoid attack.6. These results suggest that direct interactions between ants and galls influenced galling insect abundance, whereas numerical indirect effects involving galling insects, ants, aphids, and host plants were less conspicuous.

Seed size is a plastic trait of the plants that directly affect seed germination and seedling recruitment. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between seed size, seed germinability and seedling performance of Copaifera langsdorffii by testing four hypotheses: 1) larger seeds have higher germination percentage; 2) smaller seeds require less time to germinate and for initial development of the seedlings; 3) larger seeds produce more vigorous seedlings and 4) seed size negatively affects seedling root/shoot ratio. In 2011, we selected 30 individuals of C. langsdorffii from which 300 seeds were randomly collected in the plant canopy. All these seeds were weighted and placed in germination tray using vermiculite as substrate. Seed germinability and initial development of seedlings were monitored daily until cotyledons fell. Small seeds have higher germination percentage and germinate faster when compared to large seeds. Nonetheless, seedlings originated from larger seeds have longer development times, resulting in more vigorous seedlings. In addition, seedlings originating from small seeds allocate proportionally greater amount of resources to roots when compared to larger seeds. The fact that small seeds have higher germination percentage and faster germination favors the colonization of transient habitats. However, larger seeds produce more vigorous seedlings, favoring the seedling establishment in more stable habitats. Thus, we argue that high variability in seed size of C. langsdorffii favors its widespread geographic distribution.

Os objetivos deste estudo foram caracterizar e comparar a composição florística de oito fragmentos de Mata Seca Calcária e Caatinga Arbórea localizados no norte do Estado de Minas Gerais. O levantamento das espécies arbóreas foi realizado através de visitas periódicas aos fragmentos para coleta de material botânico. Nos oito fragmentos foram encontradas 114 espécies arbóreas pertencentes a 40 famílias botânicas. Dentre as 89 espécies encontradas nos fragmentos de Mata Seca, 37 (42%) foram peculiares a essa formação. No entanto, das 75 espécies amostradas nos remanescentes de Caatinga Arbórea, 25 (33%) ocorreram apenas nesses fragmentos. A análise de agrupamento sugere que a composição florística dos fragmentos é afetada pela fitofisionomia e pelas condições bioecológicas locais a que estes fragmentos estão submetidos. Além disso, a relação observada entre a área dos fragmentos e o número de espécies arbóreas, evidenciou que área é um bom indicador da riqueza de espécies arbóreas nos fragmentos florestais. Portanto, os resultados deste estudo indicaram que fatores históricos (fitofisionomia) e ecológicos (área dos fragmentos e ocorrência de perturbações antrópicas) constituem importantes elementos caracterizadores da composição e riqueza de espécies em fragmentos florestais do norte de Minas Gerais.