Large-scale bioenergy production will affect the hydrologic cycle in multiple ways, including changes in canopy interception, evapotranspiration, infiltration, and the quantity and quality of surface runoff and groundwater recharge. As such, the water footprints of bioenergy sources vary significantly by type of feedstock, soil characteristics, cultivation practices, and hydro-climatic regime. Furthermore, water management implications of bioenergy production depend on existing land use, relative water availability, and competing water uses at a watershed scale. This paper reviews previous research on the water resource impacts of bioenergy production-from plot-scale hydrologic and nutrient cycling impacts to watershed and regional scale hydro-economic systems relationships. Primary gaps in knowledge that hinder policy development for integrated management of water-bioenergy systems are highlighted. Four case studies in the Americas are analyzed to illustrate relevant spatial and temporal scales for impact assessment, along with unique aspects of biofuel production compared to other agroforestry systems, such as energy-related conflicts and tradeoffs. Based on the case studies, the potential benefits of integrated resource management are assessed, as is the need for further case-specific research.
RESUMOA região do submédio da bacia do Rio São Francisco tem uma variedade de usos, com alguns conflitos já estabelecidos. Curvas de demanda da água são importantes para identificar o valor econômico dado ao recurso hídrico pelo usuário diante de diferentes quantidades disponibilizadas. O conhecimento de tais curvas deve auxiliar no estabelecimento de políticas que criem incentivos adequados ao uso eficiente do recurso e evitem sua sobre-exploração. Este trabalho apresenta curvas de demanda pelos recursos hídricos estimadas para os usuários da agricultura irrigada e para o abastecimento humano usando o método de programação matemática positiva e expansão de ponto. Os resultados para a agricultura irrigada nos dois métodos mostraram que o mix de culturas é o fator mais relevante na disposição a pagar dos usuários pelo recurso hídrico e que, para o abastecimento humano, os valores econômicos em relação ao mesmo grau de disponibilidade hídrica foram mais elevados em comparação com a irrigação.Palavras-chave: curvas de demanda; valor econômico da água; alocação de água.
ABSTRACTThe lower basin region of São Francisco basin has a variety of uses, with some conflicts already established. Water demand curves are important to identify the economic value given to the water resource by different users and available amounts. The knowledge of them should assist in establishing policies that create appropriate incentives for efficient water resource use and prevent their over-exploitation. This paper presents the water demand curves estimated by users of irrigated agriculture and human supply using the positive mathematical programming method and point expansion method. Results for irrigated agriculture of the two methods showed that the crop mix is the most important factor for the willingness to pay for water resources and that, for human supply, the economic values, considering the same level of water availability, are higher when compared with irrigation.
Allocation of Water Resources at the basin level is a critical issue for economic growth as well as for environmental sustainability. This study integrates network-based optimization with an Input-Output model, made available through a Spatial Decision Support System (HEAL), to support design and evaluation of water allocation policies. The innovative platform was applied to a case study using four-interlinked hydrographic basins in Northeastern of Brazil. The integrated modeling was able to measure broader socioeconomic impacts of decisions on reservoir volumes and water allocations at basin level, through indicators in a sectoral and regional scale, including ones associated with Sustainable Development Goals, such as the Water Use Efficiency (WUE) indicator. Results of the trade-offs between two scenarios, representative of the limits of performance of regulatory water instruments, were generated using the integrated modeling. They were compared with the Reference scenario for the base year (2011) and show that the economic sector most negatively affected by the regulatory instrument use is the industrial sector. Furthermore, the sugar and ethanol industry, main water users in the industrial sector (93.1% of the sector's water use) and less efficient (WUE 1.47 US$/m3 vs. 30.70 US$/m3 average of the sector) in the base year, maintain their percentage share of water use in the sector and even slightly expand it (93.2%), with slight efficiency gains (+2.3%). On the other hand, non-water-intensive industries, have their shares reduced (from 6.9 to 6.8%) and lose efficiency (−9.5%). Results of the same trade-offs by region showed that the largest proportional economic losses occur in the drier areas, damaging the economy, especially in the most industrialized municipalities with the highest GDPs. Integrated economic modeling can expand aspects involved in water security issues, assisting management by introducing socioeconomic impact measures, in a broader scale, associated with allocation decisions. Hydrological allocation criteria cannot distinguish between user efficiency and which economic sectors are using how much water. This results in economic and social losses. In water-scarce regions and with growing transfer needs, such as in the basins studied, adequate incentives, through management instruments designed based on economic theory, are essential to promote sustainable development.
RESUMO A cobrança pelo uso da água bruta no Brasil foi introduzida pela Lei nº 9.433, de 08 de janeiro de 1997, como um instrumento econômico de gestão dos recursos hídricos brasileiros, com o intuito de induzir os agentes usuários ao uso racional da água, reconhecer o valor econômico da água e obter recursos financeiros. A Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio São Francisco implementou o seu sistema de cobrança pelo uso da água em julho de 2010, não passando por nenhuma modificação ou melhoria desde então. Nesta pesquisa, apresenta-se uma análise desse sistema de cobrança, identificando os aspectos passíveis de aperfeiçoamento e a simulando as modificações propostas para a Região Hidrográfica do Submédio São Francisco. Os resultados indicaram que é necessário rever os valores de cobrança adotados atualmente. Os Preços Públicos Unitários (PPUs) apresentam defasagem acumulada em torno de 50%, mediante as taxas inflacionárias brasileiras. Os aspectos quantitativo, qualitativo e de proteção a situações emergenciais, atualmente existentes na metodologia de cobrança, não se mostram suficientes para auxiliar na sustentabilidade hídrica da bacia. Entre as alterações sugeridas para o sistema de cobrança estão a consideração de situações de escassez hídrica, de prioridade no uso, de tratamento dos efluentes e de tecnologia de irrigação. Tais alterações revelam-se eficazes ao reduzir/aumentar consideravelmente os valores a serem pagos pelos usuários, podendo, assim, induzir ações preventivas e de redução dos desperdícios.
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