-The objective of this work was to outline the potential distribution and economic impact of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae), a recent invasive pest, in Brazil. Two maps of the potential establishment of the species were drawn based on the ecoclimatic index (EI), which uses the following thermal requirements for the species: with thermal stress, most restrictive scenario for spread; and without thermal stress. The EI was classified into four ranges: unfavorable, ≤25%; less favorable, >25 to ≤50%; favorable, >50 to ≤75%; and highly favorable, >75%. Economic losses were estimated based on the most restrictive map. The highly favorable areas were overlapped with those of the maps of production data for each possible host (apple, grape, peach, persimmon, fig, and pear). Considering these six hosts, the overlap between the highly favorable and the production areas varied from 45.5% (grape) to 98.3% (apple). However, the monetary estimation of the potential losses in the worst case scenario (no control measures) was possible only for figs and peaches. Southern Brazil is the most climatically favorable area for D. suzukii development and where potential economic losses are expected to be the greatest. Maximum average temperatures (>30°C) are the main ecological factor to limit D. suzukii spread in Brazil.Index terms: adaptation, biogeography, bioinvasion, exotic species, spotted wing drosophila. Dispersão e impacto econômico potenciais da invasora Drosophila suzukii no BrasilResumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi delinear a distribuição e o impacto econômico potenciais de Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae), recente praga invasora, no Brasil. Foram feitos dois mapas de potencial de estabelecimento da espécie baseados no índice ecoclimático (EI), que utiliza as seguintes exigências termicas da espécie: com estresse de temperatura, cenário mais restrito para a expansão; e sem estresse de temperatura. O EI foi classificado em quatro faixas: não favorável, ≤25%; pouco favorável, >25 a ≤50%; favorável, >50 a ≤75%; e altamente favorável, >75%. As perdas econômicas foram estimadas a partir do mapa com a distribuição mais restritiva. As áreas consideradas altamente favoráveis foram sobrepostas às dos mapas de produção de cada hospedeiro possível (maçã, uva, pêssego, caqui, figo e pera). Ao se considerar esses seis hospedeiros, a sobreposição das áreas altamente favorável e de produção variou de 45,5% (uva) a 98,3% (maçã). No entanto, a estimativa monetária de perdas potenciais no pior cenário possível (sem medidas de controle) foi possível apenas para figo e pêssego. O Sul do Brasil é a área climaticamente mais favorável para o desenvolvimento de D. suzukii e onde as perdas econômicas potenciais podem ser máximas. As temperaturas médias máximas (>30°C) são o principal fator para restringir a dispersão de D. suzukii no Brasil.Termos para indexação: adaptação, biogeografia, bioinvasão, espécies exóticas, drosófila-da-asa-manchada.

Although studies on drosophilid (Diptera, Drosophilidae) assemblages have become relatively abundant in the past decades, many environments remain to be searched. The present study investigates the composition, the species abundances and the richness of the drosophilid assemblages in two localities of the municipality of Cruz Alta, northwestern region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, a point of contact between the biomes Atlantic Forest and Pampa: (i) an urban area (2007), constituted by a domestic orchard with Citrus trees, and (ii) a forested area, in Centro de Educação, Pesquisa e Proteção Ambiental - CEPPA (2008/2009), of Universidade de Cruz Alta, located in a fragment of riparian forest. Collections were conducted using fermented banana-baited traps and repeated periodically. A total of 7,428 individuals were caught, belonging to two subfamilies, six genera and 53 species. In the urban area, 22 species were found, from two genera (N = 2,421), while in the forested area 46 species were found, from six genera (N = 5,007). Six exotic species were found, markedly more abundant in the urban area, where they corresponded to 95% of the specimens, in comparison to 50% in the forest. Between the Neotropical species, the most common were Drosophila maculifrons Duda and D. polymorpha Dobzhansky & Pavan. Only D. simulans Sturtevant was captured in all samples in both localities. The present survey represents the first records for the state of Rio Grande do Sul of the D. canalinea and D. virilis species groups and the species D. arassari Cunha & Frota-Pessoa, D. fuscolineata Duda, D. nigricruria Patterson & Mainland, D. papei Bächli & Vilela, D. senei Vilela, D. trifilum Frota-Pessoa, D. virilis Sturtevant, Leucophenga maculosa (Coquillett) and Rhinoleucophenga obesa (Loew). Furthermore, it also represents the first record for the state of the genera Amiota Loew, Leucophenga Mik and Rhinoleucophenga Hendel and of the subfamily Steganinae. So, the present survey raises the number of drosophilid species recorded for the state from 66 to 75, the number of genera from five to eight, and subfamilies from one to two.

Information about the geographic distribution of agricultural pests is the basis for all pest-related agricultural and environmental protection policies. However, often the pest's records are incomplete and uncertain. Even with limitations, the pest records are needed for any country to organize a system for agriculture protection and to mobilize surveillance efforts. The first point is to identify the imminence of biological invasions, which can be accomplished through the collection of data on pest distribution. The basic information to evaluate the predictability of an invasion is geographic distribution and the identification of pathway types associated with the potential invader. Thus, the level of the risk of introduction is assessed more objectively. In this article, cases of introduction of pests were analyzed from published reports in Brazil in terms of their geographic distribution at the time of their introduction. Taking into consideration the country's extensive terrestrial borders, this study attempts to elucidate the role played by different pathways in each bioinvasion. This analysis recognized the limitations of the historical method and underlying uncertainties of each invasion event. Human-mediated pathways were the main source of agricultural pest invasions in Brazil and the country was more a disperser than a receptor of exotic agricultural pests and diseases in South America. A new geographical hotspot (Northern South America and Caribbean Region) for possible invasions was identified.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Variabilidade genética, pulgão-verde-dos-cereais, relação inseto-plantaABSTRACT -The greenbug Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) is one of the most important cereals pests in the world. Within populations of this species, several biotypes, which are clones that share same virulence relationships with cultivated plants, can be distinguished. Molecular markers have been used to genetically characterize insect populations because they are fast and cost effective. In order to find RAPD markers to identify Brazilian S. graminum biotypes, nineteen clonal populations of three biotypes (B, C and E) from Brazil and three clonal populations from the U.S. were examined. Eighteen primers were used to analyze the material, but only six primers revealed polymorphisms and among those, three produced diagnostic band profiles that allowed biotype characterization. Using Jaccard Similarity Index and UPGMA clustering method it was possible to show that biotype B is genetically very distinct from C and E, which are closely related to each other. The biotype C showed the greatest genetic diversity, while biotype E was the least diverse. Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) showed that genetic variance among clonal populations belonging to the same biotype is smaller than among clonal populations grouped according to their geographical similarity.

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Resumo -A demanda por segurança alimentar e nutricional delimita modelos de intensificação da agricultura em que a prevenção de perdas na produção é essencial. O cenário de agricultura globalizada, o aumento das rotas de comércio e o deslocamento de pessoas e produtos maximiza o potencial de introduções inadvertidas de pragas em áreas indenes, colocando em risco os sistemas produtivos. A quarentena vegetal é apresentada como medida disciplinadora à movimentação de vegetais, para limitar a dispersão de pragas agrícolas. A vigilância preconiza a antecipação e reconhece a ameaça, privilegiando a acurácia e a eficiência do diagnóstico, a consolidação de metodologias de análise de risco de pragas e a evolução das ferramentas operacionais. Com apropriação de novas tecnologias, melhoria das estruturas fiscalizadoras e forte capacidade inovativa, esperam-se respostas aos desafios impostos à segurança da agricultura. Este trabalho aborda aspectos históricos relacionados às ações quarentenárias, ao arcabouço legal, à influência do comércio internacional, às ferramentas analíticas, às perspectivas de inovação e à qualificação da infraestrutura. O objetivo deste trabalho é contextualizar a importância do risco de introdução de novas pragas ante uma agricultura pujante e a intensificação do intercâmbio comercial. Analisa, igualmente, desafios para ações de quarentena vegetal, ao mesmo tempo em que alinha bases biológicas sobre as quais a regulação fitossanitária deve se sustentar, como subsídio para a formulação de dispositivos legais.Termos para indexação: defesa fitossanitária, intercâmbio de germoplasma vegetal, pragas agrícolas, quarentena, segurança alimentar. Biological fundamentals, operational tools, and innovation in plant quarantineAbstract -The demand toward food and nutritional security delimitates models for agricultural intensification, in which yield loss prevention is essential. The globalized agriculture scenario, the increase of trade routes, and the displacement of people and products maximize the potential of nondeliberate pest introductions in undamaged areas, endangering the production systems. Plant quarantine is presented as a measure to control plant product movement, in order to limit the dispersal of agricultural pests. Surveillance advocates the anticipation and recognizes the threat, focusing on the accuracy and efficiency of the diagnosis, on the consolidation of methods of pest risk analysis, and on the evolution of operational tools. Responses to the challenges posed to agriculture security are expected, considering the appropriation of new technologies, enhancement of inspectorate structures, and a strong, innovative capacity. This work approaches the historical aspects related to quarantine actions, legal framework, influence of international trade, analytical tools, innovation perspectives, and infrastructure qualification. The objective of this work is to contextualize the risk importance of introducing new pests, faced with a thriving agriculture and the intensification of commercial inte...

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Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as informações qualitativas e quantitativas sobre as interceptações de pragas ausentes não regulamentadas e quarentenárias em material vegetal importado. As informações sobre interceptações de pragas pelo serviço de quarentena vegetal da Embrapa, no período de 1977 a 2013, foram obtidas em um banco de dados, atas laboratoriais e listas de interceptação publicadas. As interceptações foram analisadas de acordo com regulamentação das pragas, espécie vegetal, parte vegetal importada e origem. O material foi categorizado em sementes botânicas e material de propagação vegetativa. No período do levantamento, foram interceptadas 75 espécies de pragas em 114 eventos de interceptação. Fungos, vírus e ácaros constituem a maior parte das interceptações, e a maioria delas ocorreu em lírio, oliveira, trigo, uva, arroz, batata e maçã. A taxa média anual de infestação/infecção do material vegetal analisado é de 2% dos processos de importação. O material para propagação vegetativa apresentou maior taxa de infestação/infecção por pragas do que as sementes botânicas. Das espécies-pragas interceptadas, 63% não são regulamentadas como quarentenárias para o Brasil. Esses resultados indicam a necessidade premente de revisão da atual lista de pragas quarentenárias do País.Termos para indexação: defesa fitossanitária, intercâmbio de germoplasma, patologia de sementes, quarentena de pós-entrada, sanidade de material de propagação vegetativa, sanidade vegetal. Interceptions of quarantine and absent non-regulated pests in imported plant materialAbstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate qualitative and quantitative information on interceptions of quarantine and absent non-regulated pests in imported plant material. Information concerning pest interceptions by Embrapa's plant quarantine service during the period of 1977-2013 was obtained from a database, laboratory reports, and published lists of intercepted pests. Data interceptions were evaluated according to pest regulations, plant species, imported plant parts, and origin of importation. The plant material was categorized as botanical seeds and plant material for vegetative propagation. In the survey period, 75 pest species were intercepted in 114 interception events. Fungi, viruses, and mites were the most intercepted ones, and most interceptions occurred in lily, olive, wheat, grapes, rice, potato, and apple. The average annual rate of infestation/infection of the evaluated plant material was 2% of the import processes. The material for vegetative propagation had a higher rate of infestation/infection with pests than botanical seeds. Of the intercepted pests species, 63% are not regulated as quarantine pests for Brazil. These results indicate the urgent need to review the current list of quarantine pests in the country.Index terms: plant protection, germplasm exchange, seed pathology, post-entry quarantine, sanity of plant material for vegetative propagation, plant health. IntroduçãoO intercâmbio de material vegetal entre os país...