The author of the last published systematic review of Cacajao recognized 2 subspecies of black-headed uakaris (black uakaris): Cacajao melanocephalus melanocephalus and C. m. ouakary. As a result of a series of black uakari surveys and collecting expeditions to several tributaries of the Rio Negro and of morphological and molecular analyses of museum specimens and specimens we collected during field expeditions, we reassess their taxonomy. We describe a newly discovered species of black uakari from the Rio Aracá, a left bank tributary of the Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil. We also show that ouakary is a junior synonym of melanocephalus and provide a new name and a new description for Cacajao melanocephalus melanocephalus in the Pico da Neblina region of Brazil and Venezuela. Based on genetic, morphological, and ecological evidence, we propose that there are 3 species of black uakaris. We named the Rio Aracá species Cacajao Int J Primatol (Ayres uakari) in honor of the late José Márcio Ayres, a pioneer in uakari research and conservation. We named the Neblina black uakari Cacajao hosomi, after the Yanomami word for uakaris. The new taxonomic arrangement provided here implies that the conservation status of black uakaris needs to be reassessed.
With the goal of contributing to the taxonomy and systematics of the Neotropical cichlid fishes of the genus Symphysodon, we analyzed 336 individuals from 24 localities throughout the entire distributional range of the genus. We analyzed variation at 13 nuclear microsatellite markers, and subjected the data to Bayesian analysis of genetic structure. The results indicate that Symphysodon is composed of four genetic groups: group PURPLE—phenotype Heckel and abacaxi; group GREEN—phenotype green; group RED—phenotype blue and brown; and group PINK—populations of Xingú and Cametá. Although the phenotypes blue and brown are predominantly biological group RED, they also have substantial contributions from other biological groups, and the patterns of admixture of the two phenotypes are different. The two phenotypes are further characterized by distinct and divergent mtDNA haplotype groups, and show differences in mean habitat use measured as pH and conductivity. Differences in mean habitat use is also observed between most other biological groups. We therefore conclude that Symphysodon comprises five evolutionary significant units: Symphysodon discus (Heckel and abacaxi phenotypes), S. aequifasciatus (brown phenotype), S. tarzoo (green phenotype), Symphysodon sp. 1 (blue phenotype) and Symphysodon sp. 2 (Xingú group).
Atividades escolares que buscam a Educação Ambiental devem ser capazes de melhorar a compreensão do meio ambiente, promovendo a alteração dos comportamentos dos alunos para com seu ambiente e as próprias relações interpessoais. Quando se fala na modificação do comportamento, os jogos têm papel fundamental. Desta forma, este trabalho teve por objetivo o desenvolvimento e a avaliação de um jogo didático intitulado "Trilha Ecológico Capixaba" baseado na realidade dos alunos, comprometido com o ensino de Ciências e com a transformação socioambiental. O jogo foi aplicado em uma turma do sexto ano do ensino fundamental da Escola Municipal Marieta Escobar, localizada no bairro Santa Martha, no município de Vitória (ES). Trata-se de um estudo de práticas pedagógicas, desenvolvido com abordagem qualitativa, construído a partir de observações dos autores dentro de uma perspectiva fenomenológica. Os resultados indicam que o jogo desenvolvido obteve resultados satisfatórios enquanto instrumento motivador do aprendizado, trazendo benefícios na construção, desconstrução e reconstrução dos conhecimentos por parte das crianças, capaz de romper paradigmas sobre as concepções de meio ambiente. Desta forma, acredita-se que o jogo "Trilha Ecológica Capixaba" é uma atividade pedagógica lúdica capaz de modificar a concepção dos alunos de meio ambiente para uma perspectiva mais multidimensional, que considera o meio ambiente como um sistema complexo, sensibilizando o educando de forma que valorize mais o ambiente em que vive.
The discus fishes (Symphysodon spp.) are economically important ornamental species. Thirteen microsatellite markers were developed from a CT(12) - and CA(12) -enriched whole genomic DNA library of Symphysodon discus. Allelic variability was tested on 44 individuals of two species (S. discus and S. aequifasciatus). Allelic richness ranged from two to 11 alleles per locus and observed heterozygosities from 0.083 to 0.998. All loci were at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and no pair of loci showed linkage disequilibrium within a species. Cross-species amplification was also successfully performed in the Neotropical cichlids Uaru amphiacanthoides, Hoplarchus psittacus, Hypselecara coryphaenoides, Pterophyllum sp., Mesonauta sp. and Heros sp.
Considerando as possibilidades e os benefícios da implantação de uma horta no contexto escolar, objetivou-se estudar os aspectos pedagógicos do projeto desenvolvido em Escola Pública do Estado do Espírito Santo, tendo como principais eixos norteadores a interdisciplinaridade e o movimento CTSA. A implantação do projeto foi realizada de modo que os estudantes acompanhassem todas as etapas de construção e manutenção de uma horta na escola. Os conteúdos dos componentes curriculares de Matemática, Química, Biologia e Geografia foram desenvolvidos ao longo da implantação da horta, obedecendo ao cronograma de atividades e seu contexto com o ensino em sala de aula. Verificamos que a pedagogia de projetos a partir da implantação de horta escolar fez a inter-relação entre várias componentes curriculares, não somente para as questões de ensino-aprendizagem convencional, mas para um modelo de formação da consciência cidadã, onde o estudante percebe-se como parte integrante do ambiente em que se vive.
Foram examinados dissertações e teses abordando o tema ensino de Biologia Celular a partir das informações contidas no Banco de Teses da CAPES, publicadas no período de 1987 a 2011, embora o estudo tenha apontado para uma maior produção realizada nos últimos dois anos, isto é, em 2010 e 2011. Foram identificadas dez trabalhos de tese de doutorado e dissertações de mestrado, concentradas em sete áreas do conhecimento, inclusive as áreas de Educação e Genética. Entretanto, houve predomínio desta temática nos trabalhos realizados em nível de mestrado. O estudo revelou que 50% das teses eram provenientes da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz.
Repeat blocks, microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSRs) can produce good co-dominant molecular markers for genetic diversity analysis and the determination of self-pollination rates in progenies originating from open pollination of selected genotypes. The enrichment of guarana genomic libraries was underway when it was confirmed that we are working with a complex polyploid species with 210 chromosomes. The probes (CA) 12 , (CT) 12 and (TC) 14 were used to finish the enrichment of four libraries for repeat blocks and the screening of a databank of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from guarana seeded-fruits was accomplished as well. Fifteen clonal cultivars were genotyped with three replicas at 10 out of 27 identified loci using the 59 alleles that passed the reproducibility criterion. A large number of short repeat blocks were identified and this was considered to be a consequence of the recent polyploidization event. However, blocks with eight or more repeats ideal for genotyping were scarce. Annealing of most probes to short blocks by partial complementarity could explain the scarcity of longer blocks in genomic libraries but cannot explain why they were rare in the ESTs. Due to the complexity of the genotypes, alleles were treated as dominant traits. ESTs harboring repeat blocks had the functional annotation renewed. Locus GRN07 is inserted in a homologue of the MOTHER OF FLOWERING LOCUS T AND TFL1 (MFT), in which 3'-UTR displays clear post-transcriptional regulatory features. MFT and its variants are probably involved in the determination of seed germination and embryo growth characteristics. Other accessed loci can be involved in plant architecture and defense reactions. It was concluded that the alleles described in the present work can be used to distinguish guarana culti-* Corresponding author. P. C. S. Angelo et al. 191 vars and possibly to analyze segregation using the progenies of controlled pollinations between divergent genitors. Also, the fingerprints obtained can be added to the morphological and agronomic descriptors of the cultivars.
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