Metal mesh: a design that revolutionizes the transparent conducting electrode (TCE) industry and drives the development of flexible optoelectronic technology.

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Improving the ohmic contact and interfacial morphology between an electron transport layer (ETL) and perovskite film is the key to boost the efficiency of planar perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In the current work, an amorphous–crystalline heterophase tin oxide bilayer (Bi‐SnO2) ETL is prepared via a low‐temperature solution process. Compared with the amorphous SnO2 sol–gel film (SG‐SnO2) or the crystalline SnO2 nanoparticle (NP‐SnO2) counterparts, the heterophase Bi‐SnO2 ETL exhibits improved surface morphology, considerably fewer oxygen defects, and better energy band alignment with the perovskite without sacrificing the optical transmittance. The best PSC device (active area ≈ 0.09 cm2) based on a Bi‐SnO2 ETL is hysteresis‐less and achieves an outstanding power conversion efficiency of ≈20.39%, which is one of the highest efficiencies reported for SnO2‐triple cation perovskite system based on green antisolvent. More fascinatingly, large‐area PSCs (active areas of ≈3.55 cm2) based on the Bi‐SnO2 ETL also achieves an extraordinarily high efficiency of ≈14.93% with negligible hysteresis. The improved device performance of the Bi‐SnO2‐based PSC arises predominantly from the improved ohmic contact and suppressed bimolecular recombination at the ETL/perovskite interface. The tailored morphology and energy band structure of the Bi‐SnO2 has enabled the scalable fabrication of highly efficient, hysteresis‐less PSCs.

of a lightweight, flexible, self-charging device with stable and sustainable power output. To tackle this issue, researchers are committed to assembling a flexible, uninterruptible, self-charging system by integrating various flexible energy-harvesting and energy-storage devices, giving rise to novel photocapacitor-integrated devices. Individually, the device application of flexible, fabric/stripe-type photovoltaic (PV) cells and supercapacitors in futuristic textile circuits has been extensively explored. These fiber/stripe-based devices can be easily integrated and woven together into garments with orderly patterns, such as stripes or mosaics, without compromising the wearing comfort and aesthetic design of the garment itself. [5-7] For flexible energy-harvesting devices, researchers have developed highly efficient and flexible PV cells, such as dyesensitized, [5] organic, [8] and perovskite [9] solar cells, which are environmentally benign. Compared to dye-sensitized and perovskite solar cells, organic solar cells (OSCs) exhibit superior device flexibility and higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) retention under extreme mechanical deformation/ distortion. They have these benefits because they are based on organic polymers, which are non-brittle in nature. Additionally, OSCs are low-cost, printable, reproducible, and lightweight, rendering them compatible with futuristic wearable textile applications. [1,3,5,10-13] However, conventional film-based OSCs exhibit flexibility only in a direction perpendicular to the film and are not compatible with the weaving process for wearable electronic applications. By virtue of their diverse fabrication techniques and structural designs, the dimensions of flexible OSC devices can be tuned from 2D (film) to 1D (fibers/stripes) by further scaling down the y-axis of the conventional film-based device. 1D fiber/ stripe-shaped devices that are fully compatible with the weaving process can then be obtained. Stripe-shaped OSCs have inherent advantages over planar OSCs, such as incredibly high mechanical flexibility, which means they can conform to arbitrary shapes like the human body. [14] Furthermore, after the weaving process, the relative shadowed active area is less for stripe-shaped device structures as compared with fiber-shaped geometries. On another note, flexible supercapacitors (F-SCs) have been used as energy storage systems in futuristic smart electronics The popularity of wearable smart electronic gadgets, such as smartphones, smartwatches, and medical sensors, is inhibited by their limited operation lifetime due to the lack of a sustainable self-charging power supply. This constraint can be overcome by developing a flexible, self-charging photocapacitor that can synchronously harvest and store energy. Here, ultrathin, all-printed, and metal-embedded transparent conducting electrodes (ME-TCEs) are designed for the fabrication of large-area, flexible organic solar cells (F-OSCs) and flexible supercapacitors (F-SCs). Stripe-shaped F-OSCs (SF-OSCs) and F-SCs (SF-SCs) ...

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