Flexible transparent conducting electrodes based on metal meshes for organic optoelectronic device applications: a review

Lee, Hock Beng; Jin, Won‐Yong; Ovhal, Manoj Mayaji; Kumar, Neetesh; Kang, Jae‐Wook

doi:10.1039/c8tc04423f

Cited by 251 publications

(238 citation statements)

References 162 publications

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Section: Transparent Conducting Electrodes For Quantum Dots Light Emimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To evaluate performance of the fabricated metal mesh electrodes, Lee et al. calculated a commonly used figure of merits (FoM), the ratio of electrical conductance to optical conductance (

σ

dc /

σ

opt ), for all their electrodes using the following widely accepted formula:

true F o M = \frac{σ_{d c}}{σ_{o p t}} = \frac{188.5}{R_{bolds boldh bolde bolde boldt} (() \frac{1}{\sqrt{{boldT}_{550 boldn boldm}}} - 1)}

…”

Section: Transparent Conducting Electrodes For Quantum Dots Light Emimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where 1 represents resistivity, p represents grid pitch, and h and w represent height and line width, respectively. In QDLEDs, if p is too large, the charge carriers generated from the active layer between the voids of the metal mesh TCEs (Figure 10a), [77] and 2012 Nature Research (Figure 10b). [80] will not be efficiently collected due to the longer diffusion pathway, leading to an increased chance of charge recombination.…”

Section: Metal Grids Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They successfully incorporated flexible metal grid electrodes into the PES substrate with a high aspect ratio and smooth surface through their new process. To evaluate performance of the fabricated metal mesh electrodes, Lee et al calculated a commonly used figure of merits (FoM), the ratio of electrical conductance to optical conductance (s dc /s opt ), for all their electrodes using the following widely accepted formula: [77] FoM ¼ s dc s opt ¼ 188:5…”

Section: Fabrication Techniques Of Metal Grids (Mesh)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transparent Conducting Electrodes for Quantum Dots Light Emitting Diodes

Seok

Lee

Park

et al. 2019

Israel Journal of Chemistry

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In this review, we briefly describe a recent research development of transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) for next‐generation quantum dot‐based light‐emitting diodes (QDLEDs). Although sputtered Sn‐doped In2O3 (ITO) and chemically grown F‐doped SnO2 (FTO) electrodes have mainly been employed as transparent electrodes for QDLEDs, there have been great advances in TCE materials and fabrication processes. This review presents important characteristics of various TCE and applications in QDLEDs as a transparent cathode or anode. In particular, we will focus on characteristics of metal grids, metal nanowire, carbon nanotube, graphene, and hybrid electrodes for QDLEDs as promising alternatives to typical ITO and FTO electrodes. In addition, we discuss the current status of transparent conducting oxide‐based QDLEDs. By comparing the performances of QDLED with different TCEs, we suggest promising alternatives ITO or FTO electrodes.

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Section: Transparent Conducting Electrodes For Quantum Dots Light Emimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To evaluate performance of the fabricated metal mesh electrodes, Lee et al. calculated a commonly used figure of merits (FoM), the ratio of electrical conductance to optical conductance (

σ

dc /

σ

opt ), for all their electrodes using the following widely accepted formula:

true F o M = \frac{σ_{d c}}{σ_{o p t}} = \frac{188.5}{R_{bolds boldh bolde bolde boldt} (() \frac{1}{\sqrt{{boldT}_{550 boldn boldm}}} - 1)}

…”

Section: Transparent Conducting Electrodes For Quantum Dots Light Emimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Metal Grids Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fabrication Techniques Of Metal Grids (Mesh)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transparent Conducting Electrodes for Quantum Dots Light Emitting Diodes

Seok

Lee

Park

et al. 2019

Israel Journal of Chemistry

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“…Although the indium tin oxide (ITO) has been the most commonly used transparent conductive film (TCF) for the THs, the brittleness, fragile ceramic nature, and harsh processing conditions of the ITO and the scarcity of the indium limit the further application for the THs . As such, recent studies have proposed several emerging materials for the next‐generation TCF to replace ITO, including carbon‐based materials, metal nanowires (NWs) or nanofibers (NFs), metal meshes, conductive polymers, and hybrid materials . However, the cost, mechanical robustness, and trade‐off between transmittance ( T ) and sheet resistance ( R s ) of these TCFs remain limited and inconsistent across applications.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of High‐Performance Silver Mesh for Transparent Glass Heaters via Electric‐Field‐Driven Microscale 3D Printing and UV‐Assisted Microtransfer

Zhu

et al. 2019

Advanced Materials

108

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nature, and harsh processing conditions of the ITO and the scarcity of the indium limit the further application for the THs. [3,4] As such, recent studies have proposed several emerging materials for the next-generation TCF to replace ITO, including carbon-based materials, [5][6][7][8] metal nanowires (NWs) or nanofibers (NFs), [9][10][11][12][13][14][15] metal meshes, [16][17][18] conductive polymers, [19] and hybrid materials. [1,[20][21][22] However, the cost, mechanical robustness, and trade-off between transmittance (T) and sheet resistance (R s ) of these TCFs remain limited and inconsistent across applications.The R s of carbon-based materials and conductive polymers is higher than that of ITO, [23] which restricts their use in high-performance TGHs. [4] Metal NWs or NFs and metal meshes have been studied extensively in recent years and have been described as the most promising TCF materials due to excellent electrical and optical properties (in some cases superior to ITO). Metal NWs and NFs have been demonstrated as an ITO substitute in flexible optoelectronic applications because of their mechanical flexibility and preferable T-R s trade-off. However, the resulting THs or TGHs have struggled to achieve T > 90% and R s < 10 Ω sq −1 . [24] Hsu et al. reported a high-performance TCF with R s = 0.36 Ω sq −1 at T = 92% by combining mesoscale NFs with metal NWs, [25] and An et al. produced a copper NF with T > 90% and R s < 0.5 Ω sq −1 using electrospinning and electroplating methods. [21] These NWs and NFs exhibit limitations such as excessive surface roughness, low uniformity, high material cost, and unavoidable haze. [13,26] In addition, adhesion between NWs and commonly-employed substrates is often poor, which makes it difficult to use NWs in harsh environments for extended time periods. [27] These characteristics hinder the production of low-cost high-performance TGHs, which require low R s , high T, and strong TCF adhesion.Metal mesh is considered to be an ideal TCF because of its inherently high T, low haze, high electrical conductivity, good mechanical properties, and low cost. [17] The T-R s trade-off in metal meshes can be further optimized by increasing the intrinsic conductivity or the aspect-ratio (AR) of the metal wire Great challenges remain concerning the cost-effective manufacture of highperformance metal meshes for transparent glass heaters (TGHs). Here, a high-performance silver mesh fabrication technique is proposed for TGHs using electric-field-driven microscale 3D printing and a UV-assisted microtransfer process. The results show a more optimal trade-off in sheet resistance (R s = 0.21 Ω sq −1 ) and transmittance (T = 93.9%) than for indium tin oxide (ITO) and ITO substitutes. The fabricated representative TGH also exhibits homogeneous and stable heating performance, remarkable environmental adaptability (constant R s for 90 days), superior mechanical robustness (R s increase of only 0.04 in harsh conditions-sonication at 100 °C), and strong adhesion force with a negligible increase in R...

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Electrohydrodynamic Jet Printed 3D Metallic Grid: Toward High‐Performance Transparent Electrodes

2020

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2D metallic grids that consist of various nanomaterials that are suitable for the replacement of indium tin oxide in transparent electronics (TEs) manufacturing. High‐resolution conductive grids with large open areas are often required while considering high transmittance. However, previous research shows that this kind of TE often cannot have high transmittance and low sheet resistance simultaneously; it hinders the fabrication techniques and materials from practical applications. Herein, direct fabrication of a high‐performance TE through electrohydrodynamic jet 3D printing technique is reported. Micro‐scale 3D metallic grids with an aspect ratio of above‐5 were printed on a polyester film using Ag nanoparticles. The metal grids with high aspect ratios exhibit an average sheet resistance of 3 Ω sq−1 and transparency of 96%. Both optical and electrical performances are significantly enhanced for which the large cross‐section of the metallic grid is contributed. Furthermore, the flexibility of printed TE is also characterized by the bending and recovering test. It is believed that the printed flexible TE, which utilize a high aspect ratio, 3D metallic grids may replace the conventional ITO glass for which both high transmittance and conductivity are achieved with economic efficiency.

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Flexible transparent conducting electrodes based on metal meshes for organic optoelectronic device applications: a review

Abstract: Metal mesh: a design that revolutionizes the transparent conducting electrode (TCE) industry and drives the development of flexible optoelectronic technology.

Cited by 251 publications

References 162 publications

Transparent Conducting Electrodes for Quantum Dots Light Emitting Diodes

Transparent Conducting Electrodes for Quantum Dots Light Emitting Diodes

Fabrication of High‐Performance Silver Mesh for Transparent Glass Heaters via Electric‐Field‐Driven Microscale 3D Printing and UV‐Assisted Microtransfer

Electrohydrodynamic Jet Printed 3D Metallic Grid: Toward High‐Performance Transparent Electrodes

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