In this trial of the initial treatment of HIV-1 infection, the triple-nucleoside combination of abacavir, zidovudine, and lamivudine was virologically inferior to a regimen containing efavirenz and two or three nucleosides.

Background Coronary artery disease (CAD) has been associated with HIV infection; however data are not consistent. Objective We performed cardiac CT to determine whether HIV-infected men have more coronary atherosclerosis than uninfected men. Design Cross-sectional study within the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study(MACS). Participants HIV-infected (n=618) and –uninfected (n=383) men who have sex with men (MSM) had non-contrast and contrast enhanced cardiac CT if they were between 40–70 years, weighed <300 pounds, and had no history of coronary revascularization. Measurements Presence and extent, for those with plaque, of coronary artery calcium (CAC) on non-contrast CT, and of any plaque, non-calcified, mixed or calcified plaque and stenosis on CT angiography. Results 1001 men underwent non-contrast CT of whom 759 had coronary CT angiography. After adjusting for age, race, center, and cohort, HIV-infected men had a greater prevalence of CAC [Prevalence ratio(PR)=1.21, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08–1.35, p=0.001], and any plaque [PR=1.14(1.05–1.24),p=0.001], including non-calcified plaque [PR=1.28(1.13–1.45),p<0.001) and mixed plaque [PR=1.35(1.10–1.65),p=0.004] than HIV-uninfected men. Associations between HIV-infection and any plaque and non-calcified plaque remained significant (p<0.005) after CAD risk factor adjustment. HIV-infected men also had a greater extent of non-calcified plaque after CAD risk factor adjustment (p=0.026). HIV-infected men had a greater prevalence of coronary artery stenosis>50% than HIV-uninfected men [PR=1.48(1.06–2.07),p=0.020), but not after CAD risk factor adjustment. Longer duration of highly active antiretroviral therapy [PR=1.09(1.02–1.17), p=0.007,per year] and lower nadir CD4+ T-cell count [PR=0.80(0.69–0.94),p=0.005, per 100 cells] were associated with coronary stenosis>50%. Conclusions Coronary artery plaque, especially non-calcified plaque, is more prevalent and extensive in HIV-infected men, independent of CAD risk factors. Limitations Cross-sectional observational study design and inclusion of only men. Primary Funding Source NHLBI and NIAID

Treatment with TDF and PI/r was associated with greater declines in renal function over 48 weeks compared with TDF+NNRTI-based regimens.

No abstract

HAART improves HIV-CMC in addition to systemic measures of HIV infection. 1H MRS detects improvement of brain injury measured by cerebral metabolites, particularly the glial marker [MI], in patients with early HIV-CMC after HAART. In addition, the degree of improvement in clinical severity of HIV-CMC is related to the degree of recovery with [MI].

sCD163, sCD14, and CCL2 levels were elevated in treated HIV-infected men and associated with atherosclerosis. Monocyte activation may increase the risk for cardiovascular disease in individuals with HIV infection.

For protection against disseminated M. avium complex infection, once-weekly azithromycin is more effective than daily rifabutin and infrequently selects for resistant isolates. Rifabutin plus azithromycin is even more effective but is not as well tolerated.

OBJECTIVES Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and antiretroviral therapy (ART) may increase the risk of fatty liver disease. We determined the prevalence of and risk factors for fatty liver by comparing HIV-infected men with HIV-uninfected men who have sex with men in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS). METHODS In 719 MACS participants who consumed less than three alcoholic drinks daily, fatty liver was defined as a liver-to-spleen attenuation ratio < 1 on noncontrast computed tomography (CT). We genotyped single nucleotide polymorphisms in the patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3) gene and in other genes previously associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Risk factors for fatty liver were determined using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS Among 254 HIV-uninfected men and 465 HIV-infected men, 56 % were White with median age 53 years and median body mass index 25.8 kg/m 2. The vast majority of HIV-infected men (92 %) were on ART, and 87 % of the HIV-infected men were treated with a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor for a median duration of 8.5 years. Overall, 15 % of the cohort had fatty liver, which was more common in the HIV-uninfected compared with the HIV-infected men (19 vs. 13 %, P= 0.02). In multivariable analysis, HIV infection was associated with a lower prevalence of fatty liver (odds ratio (OR) = 0.44, P= 0.002), whereas a higher prevalence of fatty liver was seen in participants with PNPLA3 (rs738409) non-CC genotype (OR = 2.06, P= 0.005), more abdominal visceral adipose tissue (OR = 1.08 per 10 cm2, P< 0.001), and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) ≥ 4.9 (OR = 2.50, P= 0.001). Among HIV-infected men, PNPLA3 (rs738409) non-CC genotype was associated with a higher prevalence of fatty liver (OR = 3.30, P= 0.001) and cumulative dideoxynucleoside exposure (OR = 1.44 per 5 years, P= 0.02). CONCLUSIONS CT-defined fatty liver is common among men at risk for HIV infection and is associated with greater visceral adiposity, HOMA-IR, and PNPLA3 (rs738409). Although treated HIV infection was associated with a lower prevalence of fatty liver, prolonged exposure to dideoxynucleo side analogs is associated with higher prevalence.