immunodensity was measured using DIA to determine the epigenetic profile of the cases. At least 60 nuclei were measured from each case. RESULTSThere were many statistically significant differences in staining intensity and nuclear distribution patterns in chromatin phenotype and immunostaining ( p ≤ 0.001). These changes allowed the differentiation between the various pathological subgroups with a classification accuracy of 76-100% using chromatin phenotype or immunostaining measuring epigenetic and chromatin remodelling changes (5MeC, AcH3K9 and ISWI). In PIN lesions, there was a high chromatin content with DNAhypermethylation, while in prostatic adenocarcinoma there was a lower chromatin content with DNA-hypomethylation and H3K9-hypoacetylation. There was significantly more ISWI protein in neoplastic tissues. There were malignancy-associated changes (MAC) in chromatin phenotype and overall epigenetic events in BPH tissues adjacent to PIN lesions. CONCLUSIONSThe present study confirms the ability of highresolution computerized digital imaging of nuclear texture features to detect changes in chromatin phenotype, epigenetic events and the presence of chromatin remodelling, factors that can be used to distinguish between different prostatic pathologies, i.e. BPH, LGPIN, HGPIN and prostate adenocarcinoma, and further allow the detection of MAC near PIN lesions. These results provide a base for future diagnostic applications of DIA combined with immunohistochemistry. Our experiments underscore the importance of epigenetic mechanisms during carcinogenesis. Further studies are needed to elucidate the complex interplay between chromatin structure, its modifications and the progression of prostate cancer.

The present study was conducted to examine that impact of dietary xylanase (Xyl) and arabinofuranosidase (Abf) supplementation on the performance, protein and fat digestibility, the lipid peroxidation, the plasma biochemical traits, and the immune response of broilers. A total of 480, un-sexed, and one-day-old broilers (Ross 308) were randomly divided into three treatments with eight replicates, where chicks in the first treatment were fed basal diets and served as the control, chicks in the second treatment were fed diets formulated with reductions of 90 kcal/kg, and chicks in the third treatment were fed the same formulated diets used in the second group as well as the Xyl and Abf combination (Rovabio® Advance). Feed intake was decreased by the low energy diet, leading to an enhancement in feed efficiency enzyme supplementation in the low energy diet (p < 0.015). Both protein and fat digestibility were improved (p < 0.047) due to enzyme supplementation. Moreover, enzyme supplementation increased muscle total lipids content and decreased muscle thiobarbituric acid retroactive substance content. Furthermore, diets supplemented with Xyl and Abf exhibited an increase in antibody titers against the Newcastle disease virus (p < 0.026). In addition, enzyme supplementation increased gene expression related to growth and gene expression related to fatty acid synthesis. It could be concluded that dietary Xyl and Abf supplementation had beneficial impacts on growth, nutrient digestibility, lipid peroxidation, immune response, and gene expressions related to growth and fatty acid synthesis in broiler chickens fed low-energy diets.

The presented results suggest the potential application of EOs against infections, caused by biofilm-producing K. pneumoniae, to prevent biofilm formation or decrease their resistance threshold. Moreover, the combination of EOs with ciprofloxacin minimizes the antibiotic concentration used and accordingly the potential accompanying toxic side effects.

1. A commercial enzyme preparation (Quatrazyme HP) containing xylanase and beta-glucanase was examined in two laying hen experiments with wheat/barley- or maize-based diets. The activities of other enzymes were measured also. Starch, cell wall contents and effects of Quatrazyme HP on in vitro viscosity of wheat, barley, maize and soybean meal were determined. 2. In the first experiment, 90 ISA Brown laying hens at 28 weeks of age were given a wheat/barley basal diet with or without 20mg of Quatrazyme HP, which provided 560 and 2,800 IU of xylanase and beta-glucanase/kg diet. In the second experiment, 66 ISA Brown laying hens at 45 weeks of age were given a maize/soybean meal basal diet with or without 20 mg of Quatrazyme HP/kg diet for 9 weeks. Egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion ratio and change in body weight were recorded as response criteria. 3. There was a significant improvement in feed conversion ratio with enzyme supplementation. Birds given an enzyme-supplemented diet gained 86 g while those fed on the unsupplemented diet lost 103 g of their body weight by the end of the experiment. 4. The enzyme preparation did not affect either egg production, egg weight or egg mass of birds fed on the maize/soybean meal diet. However, a significant improvement in feed conversion ratio was detected. Birds on either the supplemented or unsupplemented diet exhibited an increase in their body weight at the end of the experiment. 5. Addition of xylanase and beta-glucanase decreased in vitro viscosity of wheat, barley, maize and soybean meal. This effect was greater for wheat and barley than for maize and soybean meal. 6. It was concluded that the beneficial effect of using an enzyme preparation containing xylanase and beta-glucanase is not limited to wheat/barley-based diets but also occurs with maize/soybean meal-based diets.

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This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and biofilm-forming pathogens from animal source compared to clinical ones. In addition, to assess the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) alone and/or mixed with vancomycin. Out of 62 bacterial isolates from animal respiratory tract infection (RTI), 50.00% were defined as MDR, while among human ones, 44.00% were MDR. The bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus pneumoniae were the predominant isolated bacteria from both animal and human origin with frequency percentage of 50.00, 22.32, and 18.75, respectively. Among Staph. aureus strains, mecA gene was detected in 60.00% and 61.54% of animal and human isolates, respectively, while mec ALGA251 (mecC) gene was detected in 13.33% and 15.38% of animal and human isolates, respectively. Biofilm formation ability among animal isolates was 83.87%, while among human ones was 86.00%. AgNPs were effective in inhibiting planktonic cells with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values (0.625-10 mg/mL), as well as eradicating biofilm with minimal biofilm eradication concentration values (1.25-10 mg/mL). Noticeable low MIC of AgNPs was required for the isolates from animal source (0.625-5 mg/mL) compared to clinical ones (0.625-10 mg/mL). Remarkable reduction in AgNP effective concentration was observed after combination with 1/4 MIC of vancomycin with minimum recorded concentration of 0.08 mg/mL. In conclusion, the prevalence of MDR among RT pathogens was recorded with high ability to produce biofilm and virulence factors from both animal and human pathogens. AgNPs showed strong antibacterial and antibiofilm activity alone and mixed with vancomycin, with up to fourfold reduction of AgNP inhibitory dose.

No abstract

The current study showed that S. aromaticum oil had high antibacterial activity that could be helpful in the treatment of ocular bacterial infections to minimizing the possible side effects of commonly used antibiotic.