Abstract-This work describes the lipase-mediated synthesis of α -pinene oxide at ambient temperature. The immobilized lipase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa is used to generate peroxyoctanoic acid directly from octanoic acid and hydrogen peroxide. The peroxy acid formed is then applied for in situ oxidation of α -pinene. High conversion of α -pinene to α -pinene oxide (approximately 78%) was achieved when using 0,1 g enzim lipase, 6 mmol H 2 O 2 , dan 5 mmol octanoic acid. Various parameters affecting the conversion of α -pinene to α -pinene oxide were studied Index Terms-α-Pinene, P. aeruginosa, octanoic acid.
Leaf fall disease caused by Corynespora cassiicola fungi is one of the most important diseases in rubber plant. Rubber clone AVROS 2037 is considered resistant to this pathogen while clone PPN 2444 is susceptible. These two rubberclones were used to identify genes or transcripts differentially expressed during interaction between rubber plants and the fungi, using cDNA-Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (cDNA-AFLP) method. Induced genes/transcripts expression was examined to compare differencies between plants uninfected and infected with C. cassiicola at 24, 36, 48 and 72 hours after inoculation. cDNA-AFLP analysis was performed using restriction enzyme VspI and TaqI so the adapters and primers also have the recognition site of these enzymes. By using 29 specific primers, 35 out of approximately 1450 fragments were differentially expressed between AVROS and PPN 2444 clones. All of these fragments were cloned and sequenced. The homology-based grouping of these sequences resulted in 19 contigs and nine individual sequences. Among these, 10 contigs and five sequences have significant sequence homology with known genes in gene bank data base, such as Ran binding protein, protein transporter and transcriptional regulators of some organisms; arginase, GTP-binding protein, heat shock protein (HSP) and aconitase. Ran binding protein, GTPbinding protein and protein transporter were known as membrane proteins while arginase and HSP usually expressed as a response to wounding or toxin treatment. The present of arginase is usually related to the availability of nitric oxide (NO) in plant tissue. NO is well known as a signal molecule on plant defense response. AbstrakPenyakit gugur daun yang disebabkan oleh fungi Corynespora cassiicola merupakan salah satu penyakit penting tanaman karet. Klon karet AVROS 2037menunjukkan sifat resisten terhadap patogen tersebut sedangkan klon PPN 2444 merupakan klon yang rentan. Kedua klon karet tersebut digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi gen atau transkrip yang diekspresikan secara diferensial selama terjadi interaksi antara tanaman karet dengan C. cassiicola menggunakan teknik cDNA-Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (cDNA-AFLP). Ekspresi gen/transkrip dipelajari untuk membandingkan perbedaan antara tanaman yang tidak diinfeksi dengan yang diinfeksi patogen pada waktu 24, 36, 48 dan 72 jam setelah inokulasi. Analisis cDNA-AFLP dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan pasangan enzim restriksi VspI dan TaqI sehingga adapter dan primer memiliki sekuen pengenalan kedua enzim restriksi tersebut. Dengan menggunakan 29 pasang primer spesifik, sebanyak 35 dari sekitar 1450 fragmen memiliki ekspresi berbeda antara klon AVROS 2037 dan PPN 2444. Semua fragmen yang berbeda tersebut kemudian diklon pada vektor kloning dan disekuen. Hasil sekuensing dikelompokkan berdasarkan homologi sekuennya dan menghasilkan 19 contigs serta sembilan macam sekuen yang tidak mengelompok. Sebanyak 10 dari 19 contigs dan lima dari sembilan sekuen tersebut memiliki homologi dengan produk gen yang telah dikenal yang terdapat di pangkalan data GenBank, seperti putative Ran binding protein, protein transporter, regulator transkripsi, arginase, GTP-binding protein, heat shock protein (HSP) dan aconitase. Beberapa di antaranya seperti putative Ran binding protein, protein transporter dan GTP-binding protein dikenal sebagai protein membran, sedangkan arginase dan HSP merupakan protein atau enzim yang ekspresinya pada tanaman antara lain dipengaruhi oleh adanya pelukaan dan perlakuan toksin. Keberadaan arginase sering berhubungan dengan ketersediaan nitric oxide (NO) pada jaringan tanaman. NO dikenal sebagai salah satu sinyal molekul dalam mekanisme pertahanan tanaman.
SummaryConstruction of cDNA library derived fromtranscripts made under certain condition is animportant first step to understand diseaseresistant mechanisms. To identify rubber genesor transcripts involved in defense responsetoward Corynespora cassiicola, cDNA librarywas constructed using rubber clone AVROS2037, one of resistant clone to this pathogen.cDNA library was constructed based on thestrategy of leaves infection using conidia, withthe assumption that transcript expression relatedto defense response would be induced bypathogen infection. RNA was isolated from leavesthree days after inoculation with conidia ofC. cassiicola. Steps involved in the cDNA libraryconstruction were RNA isolation, mRNApurification, cDNA synthesis, vector modifcation,cDNA insert ligation, plasmid transformation andclone verifications. Each gram of leaf producedapproximately 300 g RNA, and 0.25% of themwas mRNA. The mRNA was used to synthesizedcDNA. Ligation of cDNA and modified vectorwas facilitated by restriction enzyme SfiI. Theconstructs were transformed into the E. coliDH5 competent cells. A total of 8000 colonieswere produced. Random examination of 270colonies showed that approximately 93% of thesecolonies carried plasmid vector with DNA insertsize of 200 – 2000 bp, with average size of 500 –800 bp. cDNA library construction of rubberleaves from AVROS 2037 clone as well as somenecessary modification steps are presented in thispaper.RingkasanKonstruksi pustaka cDNA yang me-ngandung transkrip yang diekspresikan dalamkondisi tertentu merupakan tahap awal yangsangat penting dalam berbagai studi biologi.Untuk mengidentifikasi gen karet atau transkripyang berperan dalam respons pertahanan tanamankaret terhadap Corynespora cassiicola, pustakacDNA dibuat dengan menggunakan daun klonAVROS 2037 yang merupakan salah satu klonresisten terhadap patogen tersebut. PustakacDNA dibuat berdasarkan strategi menginfeksidaun dengan konidia C. cassiicola denganpertimbangan bahwa ekspresi transkrip yangberperan dalam respons pertahanan akandiinduksi oleh adanya infeksi patogen. Dengandemikian pustaka cDNA yang dibuat diharapkanmengandung gen atau bagian gen yang ber-hubungan dengan respons pertahanan. RNAdiisolasi dari daun setelah daun diinokulasiselama tiga hari dengan konidia C. cassiicola.Beberapa tahapan telah dilakukan, dimulaidengan isolasi RNA, pemurnian mRNA, sintesiscDNA, modifikasi vektor kloning, ligasi fragmencDNA utas ganda dengan vektor kloning sertatransformasi hasil ligasi ke bakteri Escherichiacoli DH5 kompeten. Dari setiap gram jaringandaun berhasil diisolasi RNA sekitar 300 g, dandari jumlah tersebut sekitar 0,25% mRNA dapatdiisolasi. mRNA yang diisolasi digunakan untuksintesis cDNA. cDNA dipotong dengan enzimrestriksi SfiI dan diligasi ke vektor plasmid yangdimodifikasi dengan menyisipkan situs enzimSfiI. cDNA-vektor rekombinan ditransformasi kedalam sel bakteri E. coli DH5 kompeten meng-gunakan metode standar. Transformasi konstrukini menghasilkan 8.000 koloni. Pengujian PCRterhadap 270 koloni yang dipilih secara acakmengindikasikan bahwa sekitar 93% kolonitersebut membawa cDNA sisipan dengan ukuranfragmen cDNA yang menyisip berkisar antara200 sampai 2000 bp. cDNA sisipan terbanyakterdapat pada ukuran antara 500 – 800 bp. Dalamtulisan ini dibahas tahap demi tahap proses yangdilakukan untuk membuat pustaka cDNA asaldaun karet klon AVROS 2037 serta beberapamodifikasi yang diperlukan.
Aims: Purification of methanol dehydrogenase (MDH) from methylotrophic bacteria was conducted to obtain pure enzyme for further research and industrial applications due to the enzyme's unique activity that catalyzes oxidation of methanol as an important carbon source in methylotrophic bacteria. Methodology and Results:The enzyme was screened from methylotrophic bacteria isolated from human mouth. Purification of this enzyme was conducted using ammonium sulphate precipitation followed by cation exchange chromatography. Two types of media were used to produce the enzymes: luria broth and standard mineral salts media (MSM). MSM produced MDH with higher specific activity than LB. Specific activity was also increased along with the purification steps. Application of ammonium sulphate increased the purity of enzyme and was more effective for the enzyme produced in LB. Using sepharose increased the enzyme activity 10 -57 folds. Conclusion, significant and impact of this study: With this, ammonium sulphate precipitation coupled with single cation exchange chromatographic system has been proved to provide sufficient purified of methanol dehydrogenase from methylotrophic bacteria origin of human mouth with high specific activity for further application.
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