The article presents results of critical theoretical and empirical analysis of cooperation between Polish enterprises based on two models: made by T. Ozawa and M.E. Porter, and followed by market research concerning opportunities to support cooperation of Polish enterprises. Polish companies seem to opt for confrontation as the main market strategy, basing on the development of one company while worsening the position of rivals at the same time. The aim of this paper is to show possibilities in supporting Polish companies to build their capabilities, as well as identifying barriers, in transition from confrontation to cooperation. The article is divided into four parts. In the first part, the stages of development of economy and enterprises in Europe are defined with reference to T. Ozawa model. The analysis covers the internationally recognised innovation indicators with regard to cooperation aspects. In the second part, the authors analyse the essence and forms of cooperation between companies. The third part of the paper concentrates on the market research of the support means available for Polish enterprises. In conclusion, a brief summary of the main findings was given, concerning the opportunities and barriers of institutional approach towards cooperation between Polish enterprises. In the paper, two types of research methods were used: methods of data collection and methods of organizing and processing information, especially methods of systems, cause and logical analysis of institutional support.
Emerging trends such as digitalization, globalization, and the COVID-19 pandemic are forcing higher education institutions to undergo constant organizational and technological changes and to introduce innovative pedagogical approaches suitable for teaching a new generation of students—the so-called digital natives. The goal of this paper is to engage in the ongoing debate in higher education about new teaching methods, i.e., game-based learning methods, which meet the needs of digital natives. They have grown up in a fast-paced, technology-driven society, which has affected how they absorb information, their ability to concentrate for extended periods, and their motivation and engagement in the learning process. Existing research suggests that implementing the game-based learning method can be very difficult and costly, as it often requires adapting the freely available game to the requirements of the particular course and additional investment in purchasing appropriate equipment. In this paper, we develop a comprehensive procedure for introducing a cost-effective game-based learning method in higher education, which includes thirteen steps to help lecturers introduce game-based activities straightforwardly into their teaching processes. In addition, we also present security, cultural, and quality assurance issues that need to be considered when implementing game-based learning in higher education.
OBJECTIVES: The research objective of the paper is to analyse the recent, ever more pronounced shifts and changes in security dynamics between China and its "Wests". METHODS: The methods used in the study consist of in-depth going qualitative research and analysis of Western journals as well as an investigation and translation of primary Chinese sources. RESULTS: Each cooperation effort and security partnership between China and the analysed partners means that the defence capabilities of one player will affect those of the other. This is a matter of concern for those who are currently in a position that relies on the import of military and intelligence equipment from stronger actors, as such a relationship may provide easier access and leverage for giants such as China to influence their domestic foreign policy and security agendas. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study shed light on the ongoing relevance of the question: is it possible to find space in which actors can achieve their own security objectives that is beneficial for the development of their defence industries without challenging the foreign policies of one another? Can competition between China and the actors it interacts with be conducted primarily in the political and economic field, with security relations only focusing on peaceful imports and exports instead of an arms race? One may only speculate.
Streszczenie: Cel -Artykuł poświęcono strukturze geograficznej rynku walutowego ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem regionu Azji i Pacyfiku. Dokonano w nim kompleksowej analizy forexu w ujęciu geograficznym. Teza badawcza zaproponowana przez autorki brzmi następująco: według wskaźnika udziału walut azjatyckich w globalnych obrotach forexu rola centrów finansowych zlokalizowanych w regionie Azji i Pacyfiku w światowych obrotach walutowych pozostaje od wielu lat stabilna, a więc rosnące znaczenie gospodarek azjatyckich w rankingu centrów finansowych nie jest współmierne z rozwojem zlokalizowanych w tym regionie rynków walutowych. Metodologia badania -Wykorzystano metodę syntezy oraz analizy danych statystycznych, zbieranych co trzy lata w ramach projektu Banku Rozrachunków Międzynarodowych (BIS), współpracującego w tym celu z bankami centralnymi oraz instytucjami nadzorczymi poszczególnych krajów na świecie. Kolejne źródło, na którym opierają się badania realizowane w artykule, to dane pozyskiwane przez Z/Yen Institute, w ramach projektu cyklicznego tworzenia rankingu kluczowych centrów finansowych na świecie The Global Financial Centres Index (GFCI). Wynik -W kwietniu 2013 roku region Azji i Pacyfiku był odpowiedzialny za 21% dziennych obrotów walutowych, zajmując drugie miejsce w rankingu światowych obrotów walutowych i nawet w przypadku najpopularniejszej azjatyckiej waluty, jaką jest jen, nie udało się osiągnąć pozycji lidera. Udział w dziennych obrotach na rynku walutowym trzech największych azjatyckich ośrodków forexu był zaś niższy (łącznie 15,3%) niż osiągany przez Londyn i USA (Wielka Brytania -41%, USA -19%). Oryginalność/wartość -Porównanie stopnia rozwoju globalnych centrów finansowych położonych w regionie Azji i Pacyfiku z obrotami walutowymi na parach walutowych z udziałem dolara amerykańskiego, euro oraz jena japońskiego prowadzi do konkluzji, że centra położone w badanym regionie rozwijają się dynamicznie w zakresie otoczenia zewnętrznego i infrastruktury rozliczeniowo-transakcyjnej i coraz mniejszy dystans dzieli je od największych globalnych ośrodków finansowych, jednakże nie idzie w ślad za tym proporcjonalny wzrost wolumenu obrotów walutowych. słowa kluczowe: rynek walutowy, globalne centrum finansowe, GFCI, Singapur, Hongkong wprowadzenie Centra finansowe są miejscami o niezwykle dużej koncentracji kapitału, reprezentacji instytucji finansowych oraz rozwiniętej infrastrukturze umożliwiającej dokonywanie transakcji i rozliczeń finansowych. Jeszcze na początku XXI wieku wskazywano na trzy największe centra finansowe, ulokowane na różnych kontynentach i w różnych strefach Finanse, Rynki Finansowe, Ubezpieczenia nr 3/2016 (81)
Motivation: Crowdfunding (CF) is a method of raising money for projects and enterprises by online platforms. Since 2003 it is expanding and becoming a natural method of pre-financing for start-ups before reaching out to investors. The estimations gave the picture of fundraising worldwide at the level of 35 bln USD via CF platforms in 2015. Nevertheless, this method does not progress equally worldwide and it is essential to find what results in the difference in CF development among the countries. Aim: The aim of the article is to examine the relation between: (1) the welfare of countries, (2) structure of population and (3) structure of the population on crowdfunding development. Estonia has the youngest structure of population. Although there are not many inhabitants and the GDP per capita is average, the country has the most willing online crowd investors.
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