Background: Smoking is considered a major risk factor of oral cancer. The oral health and hygiene are majorly affected by tobacco products. It is needed to provide the periodontal health status of smokers for better understanding to treat and to develop a periodontal treatment guideline for smokers. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of smoking on periodontal health of patients attending the dental section of Bacha khan Medical College Mardan. Methods: This was descriptive cross-sectional study carried out among 227 adult smokers attending dental unit of Bacha khan Medical College for treatment from the duration of September 2018 to November 2019. After taking written consent from the head of department, an assessment questionnaire was developed, and face validated from the respective field experts. A written formal consent was taken from each patient willing to participate in the study. The predesigned validated questionnaire was filled after assessment of patients from respective experts. The collected data was about probing depth, gum recession, attachment loss, color of gingival, presence and amount of plaque, calculus deposits and mobility of teeth. Data was collected and analyzed by using SPSS version 16. Results: A total 227 cigarette smokers male patients were assessed for different periodontal parameters. Study provided that 98(43%) and 68 (30%) smokers were with the age range 31-45 years and 46-60 years respectively. It was also found that 92(40.5%) smokers male patients were found with bleeding on probing and the bleeding frequency were high in elder ages and study provided a significant difference of bleeding frequency with respect to age p<0.00001. A significant difference was found in gum recession between different age group and elder patients were with high frequency in gum recession p=0.0073.The study also provided that majority of smokers patients were having a moderate stain 103(45.4%) in their teeth and it was found a significant difference in the severe stain level and plaque on teeth p<0.0001. A strong association was found between plaque and stain level. Conclusion: The study provided that smoking is a major factor in periodontitis. The health severity of periodontal parameters were high among smokers patients and the high age smokers were found more prone to periodontitis and associated anomalies.

Objective: To clinically evaluate the efficacy of chewing stick as alternative to tooth brushing for plaque removal in subject with clinically healthy gingival status. Material and methods: This randomized trial was conducted on a total of 80 participants, randomly allocated into two groups of 40 each at Department of Periodontology, Sardar Begum Dental College, Gandhara University, Peshawar, Pakistan. Group A were guided to use toothbrush, while group B was miswak users. Both groups were advised to use the respective group technique twice daily for four weeks. Pre and Post intervention examinations were planned by using Modified Quigley-Hein Plaque Index (QHPI), which measures the plaque levels. Data was recorded on the first day (baseline) and after 4 weeks. Obtained data was analyzed using SPSS v.24.0 Results: Mean age of the study participants was 25.54±6.004 years. Plaque was measured using QHPI, at baseline group A presented mean of 5.001±1.50, while group B had mean of 4.923±0.63 (p=<0.001), while after 4 weeks, group A showed mean of 2.52±7.82, while mean of group B was 1.37±0.427 (p=<0.001) with more evident decrease in Miswak group. Conclusion: It was concluded that Salvadora Persica chewing stick was comparatively better anti plaque agent as compared to tooth brushes in this specific study.

Aim: To analyze the co-relation between frequencies of tooth brushing as a periodontal risk assessment tool in a population. Study design: Cross Sectional Survey Place and duration of study: Bacha Khan Medical College, Mardan from 1st January 2021 to 31st December 2021. Methodology: Four hundred and eleven participants were enrolled. Data was collected by administering the study questionnaire including 14 items assessing risk factors for periodontal disease as well as their oral hygiene habits. Descriptive statistics were used for data summarization and presentation. Results: Approximately 34.3% of study participants claimed to brush twice daily and 61.6% once daily. Mean age was 22.1 years and majority of them females constituting 66.7%. 39.33% had a history of bleeding gums while 28.2% had swollen gums. 51% of the subjects reported brushing for less than 2 minutes duration. 67% participants of population were of upper middle socioeconomic status. Conclusion: The clear correlation establish amongst risk of emerging periodontal disease and occurrence of tooth brushing. Keywords: Periodontal disease, Oral hygiene, Risk factors, Tooth brushing

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Objective: To assess the oral health status of 10-15-year-old children enrolled in government schools. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted over a period of 11 months from March 2020 till Feb 2021 among children aged 10-15 years going to government schools in Kheshgi Payan District Nowshera KPK. Multi stage sampling technique was incorporated. Children of age 10 -15 years were included and those above or below this age group were excluded from study. Pre-Validated WHO oral health assessment tool was used for this study. Data was analyzed using SPSS Version 24. Results: Data from 200 students 100 each from girls’ and boys’ schools was collected. Majority of students 21% (n=42) were of 12 years of age. The mean age was 12.58 ±1.64. A total of 59% children had sound dentition. Caries was present in (n=44) male and (n=29) female children. There was a significant association between the gender and the dentition of the children (p 0.005). Gingivitis and periodontitis were prevalent in 20% of the study participants. Conclusion: This study concludes significant association between gender and dentition of the children. Over all the oral hygiene of the children was found to be satisfactory.