Background Anemia is one of the most common conditions that affect pregnancies, with dietary iron deficiency being its most common cause. Maternal anemia has been associated with increased risks of both maternal and neonatal adverse outcomes. This study aimed to analyze the maternal and neonatal outcomes in women with third-trimester anemia. Methods This was a retrospective report from a Pakistani public hospital. It included data records of the childbirths in the hospital, with at least one record that documented the hemoglobin (Hb) level in women in the first or second trimester and one in the third trimester. The duration of the study was from January 1, 2019 to June 30, 2019. Women with Hb level of <10mg/dL in the third trimester were categorized as anemic, and those with Hb level of >10mg/dL were categorized as non-anemic. Pregnancy outcomes were assessed for both mothers and babies. All data were processed through SPSS version 21.0 for Windows (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Results The study evaluated 235 (37.8%) anemic and 387 (62.2%) non-anemic women. Adverse maternal outcomes were compared between the two groups. In anemic women, gestational hypertension (56% vs. 27%; p: <0.0001), preeclampsia (65% vs. 25%; p: <0.0001), antepartum hemorrhage (32% vs. 19%; p: =0.0001), postpartum hemorrhage (79% vs. 28%; p: <0.0001), transfusions (94% vs. 5%; p: <0.0001), prolonged/obstructed labor (49% vs. 20%; p: <0.000), urgent induction of labor (24% vs. 2%; p: <0.0001), and urgent caesarean section (CS) (45% vs. 29%; p: 0.0001) were significantly more common as compared to non-anemic women. Adverse neonatal outcomes such as low birth weight (LBW) (59% vs. 29%; p: <0.0001), small-forgestational-age (SGA) (73% vs. 23%; p: <0.0001), preterm delivery (39% vs. 15%; p: <0.0001), stillbirth (8% vs. 3%; p: 0.01), and early neonatal death (9% vs. 2%; p: 0.000) were associated more with anemia. There was no report of maternal mortality in either group. Conclusion:

Abstract Objective : To study the opinion of parents regarding conjugate typhoid vaccine . Method : 400 parents bringing their kids for vaccination were enrolled for the study at the vaccination clinic of The Karachi Adventist Hospital .A cross sectional survey was done from 18th November  to 30th November 2019. All parents attending the vaccination clinic of the hospital with their children during the study period; and who met inclusion criteria were consecutively enrolled. A structured self -administered questionnaire was used to collect information from the parents.Parents whose infants are aged between 9 months to 15 years and mothers whose informed consent were obtained are included in the study.  Data was analyzed using SPSS version 21.The Level of significance was set at P = 0.05 and 95% confidence interval reported where indicated. Result :Opinion of parents regarding new conjugate typhoid vaccine correlated positively with parental age and educational level. Our data showed that majority of the respondents knew the typhoid illness though 75.8% had heard of new conjugate typhoid vaccine . A small percentage believed certain myths and feared its side effects to their child/children . After effective cousnselling and health education , 95.3% agreed for the given vaccination . Conclusion : Our study showed encouraging opinion of majority of parents regarding new conjugate typhoid vaccine .Few parents  have certain misconcepts and vague beliefs which were efficiently resolved by effective counselling regarding health education .   Key Words: Parents,vaccination ,children,new conjugate vaccine

Objective: To determine the effect of maternal colonization with history of PROM on neonatal colonization and early-onset sepsis.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at a single tertiary care hospital of Karachi from June 1st 2018 to May 31st 2019. A total of 155 patients' full-term new-borns between 37 to 41 weeks of gestation with a history of rupture of membranes more than 18 hours duration was selected by convenience sampling method. A high vaginal swab was collected from all full-term pregnant women with a history of PROM. After delivery of their new-borns, all babies were kept in the nursery under closed observation for 72 hours duration and their blood cultures, CRP (C- Reactive Protein) and CBC (complete blood count) was sent within 24 hours of delivery.Results: In our study, out of 155 PROM cases 58 (37.4) were growth positive and 50 (32.3) neonates had positive blood C/S at delivery. Out of 58 cases with suspected growth positive PROM mothers 51 had gram-negative organisms in HVS while only 7 mothers were gram-positive in HVS. Of all neonates with positive blood C/S at delivery 44 cases were gram-negative organisms in their blood.Conclusion: In our study organisms found in a high vaginal swab of the mother are similar to the organisms found in the blood culture of their new-born with early-onset sepsis.

Aim: To analyze the co-relation between frequencies of tooth brushing as a periodontal risk assessment tool in a population. Study design: Cross Sectional Survey Place and duration of study: Bacha Khan Medical College, Mardan from 1st January 2021 to 31st December 2021. Methodology: Four hundred and eleven participants were enrolled. Data was collected by administering the study questionnaire including 14 items assessing risk factors for periodontal disease as well as their oral hygiene habits. Descriptive statistics were used for data summarization and presentation. Results: Approximately 34.3% of study participants claimed to brush twice daily and 61.6% once daily. Mean age was 22.1 years and majority of them females constituting 66.7%. 39.33% had a history of bleeding gums while 28.2% had swollen gums. 51% of the subjects reported brushing for less than 2 minutes duration. 67% participants of population were of upper middle socioeconomic status. Conclusion: The clear correlation establish amongst risk of emerging periodontal disease and occurrence of tooth brushing. Keywords: Periodontal disease, Oral hygiene, Risk factors, Tooth brushing

Whilst several variations in scheduling exist no superiority was demonstrated with any one approach.The results of this review do not indicate the benefit of a change in the scheduling or vaccine component of pertussis vaccines currently used in the Irish childhood vaccination programme.