A total of 206 ducks were subjected to routine postmortem examinations from July 2007 to June 2008. Of the ducks examined, 167 (81.1 %) were infected by one/more species of gastro-intestinal helminths. A total of ten species of helminth parasites were recovered from gastrointestinal tract, of which four species were trematodes namely: Echinostoma revolutum, Notocotylus attenuatus, Hypoderaeum conoideum and Echinoparyphium recurvatum; two were nematodes, namely, Amidostomum anseris, Capillaria contorta; two were cestodes, viz, Hymenolepis coronula and Fimbriaria fasciolaris and two species belonged to acanthocephala such as, Arythmorhynchus anser and Filicollis anatis. Single double and mixed infections were found in 78 (46.7%), 46 (27.5%) and 43 (25.8%) ducks, respectively. Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth was significantly (P<0.05) higher in female ducks (82.7 %) than male ducks (77.6%). Ducks above six month to one year of age were more affected (53.9%) than the ducks < 6 month (15.0%) and > 1 year of age (31.1%). Helminth infection was significantly (P<0.05) lower in rainy season (64.9%) in contrast to summer (75.7 %) and winter season (91.1 %). In heavy infections of E. revolutum haemorrhagic enteritis were noticed and parasites were firmly attached with the mucosa. E. recurvatum caused thickening of the serosal surface of intestinal wall. N. attenuatus produced catarrhal tryplitis characterized by thickening of the villi and formation of oeosinophilic granulomas. Massive infections with H. coronula produced inflammatory changes in the small intestine. Grossly petechial haemorrhages to ulcerative lesions were produced by A. anseris. In proventriculus circular ulcerative and necrotic areas with degeneration of the glandular tissues were seen. A. anser was also found in between the horney and muscular layer of the gizzard where they produced pin pointed haemorrhagic lesions and in severe case parasites were embedded into the mucosal layers of gizzard. For the control of helminths infections mass deworming is necessary.

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Golden jackals is one of the semidomestic wild carnivors of the environment of Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) campus and now a days very often share spend their time with native dogs and cats in the gouse food wastes . This is not unusual for jackals to share diseases of dogs and cats. This study was aimed to identify important diseases of golden jackals and categorized to their zoonotic importance. A total of five apparently healthy golden jackals were collected from BAU campus and thorough postmortem examination was carried out during the period from July to December , 2010. Histopathological studies were conducted using routine Hematoxylin & Eosin procedure. The existence of blood parasites were studied by Giemsa's staining. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) & Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) were adopted for the detection of tuberculosis (TB), canine distemper (CD) and avain influenza virus (AI) . Other diseases investigated were liverfluke, whipworm, lungworm, mites and ascariasis. Out of five jackals examined, four were infected with heartworm Dirofilaria immitis. Gross examination of a Jackal at necropsy revealed nodular lesions in lungs and suspected as a case of TB. Acid fast staining and PCR protocol specific for TB could not detect mycobacterium in the nodular lungs lesions. Results of RT-PCR with the extracted RNA from liver showed amplification of 287bp fragment specific for CD viral infection in two cases. This is the first study in Bangladesh describing infection of CD in jackals. Jackals are scavanging in nature and reasonably AI could have present in jackals. RT-PCR protocol specific for matrix protein gene of AI viruses did not amplify any nucleic acid fragment . Results of this study showed that the golden jackals of BAU campus were infected with heartworm, lungworm, liverfluke, whipeworm, ascarids, mites and CD viruses. Extensive investigation is needed to explore the existance of few other important diseases of jackals including bovine and human TB , AI, leishmaniasis, r abies, Toxoplasmosis, Infectious canine hepatitis, Taeniasis and Canine hookworm infestation. heartworm, whipworm and mites have zoonotic importance, therefore, it needs to develop stretagy to prevent their future dessimination in human and other animals.

Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is a new disease of cattle in Bangladesh. It is endemic in Africa but through the last few years disease beings to spread to other countries of the world. The disease was widely spreaded in the many other countries in Asia and some parts of Europe. In Bangladesh, the disease was first time detected in April 2019, in southern part and then continued to spread all over the country.The disease caused enormous economic losses causing cutaneous and internal lesions, affecting milk production, hide quality and in some cases death of infected animal. LSD suspected samples were collected from different areas of the country during the period from July 2019 to January 2020. In this study, a total of 36 clinically suspected LSD samples of skin crustnodules, pus and ocular discharge were collected. Samples were examined by the published PCR protocol for LSD virus, GPV and SPV. Around 78% samples were found positive for LSD virus in PCR test. LSD virus was also identified from pus and ocular discharge of infected cattle. The virus can grow in the lamb testicular cell and clinically the disease is characterized by distinctive nodular lesions mostly on the skin of the affected animals.The results indicated that the LSD virus is circulating in the outbreak are as and is an emerging transboundary cattle disease in Bangladesh. Bang. J. Livs. Res. Vol. 26 (1&2), 2019: P. 15-20

Waterfowl are the natural reservoir of avian influenza viruses and ducks may play a role in the maintenance of avian influenza type A. The aim of the present study was to investigate the seroprevalence and detection of avian influenza virus (AIV) type A in duck. This study was carried out during July 2013 to December 2013 on AIV type A from semi-scavenging farm at Nikli and Bajitpur upazila of Kishoregonj district in Bangladesh. A total of 368 blood samples were collected from duck and tested by indirect ELISA for seroprevalence. For detection of AIV type A, The cloacal swabs were collected from 75 duck and subjected to RNA extraction and real time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) with specific primer and probe for detection of matrix (M) gene. The average seroprevalance of AIV type A in seven different age groups was found to be 90.21%. The highest (25.81 %) seroprevalence was found in 5 months age of birds and the lowest (2.44 %) was found in 12 months age of birds. As regard to area distribution, the average degree of seroprevalence was 93.51% from Nikli had the highest order than Bajitpur (86.88%) upazila of Bangladesh. In case of cloacal sample by using rRT-PCR, out of 15 pooling cloacal samples, two pooling samples (13.33%) that contain 10 samples were positive and 13 pooling samples showed negative (86.67%) for AIV type A in duck. It can be concluded that the long distance movement of duck flocks, may influence outbreak of avian influenza virus (AIV) type A among different poultry species in Bangladesh. Therefore, it needs to develop control strategy for future dissemination of AIV in duck population.

Objectives:The study was undertaken with the objectives to perform seromonitoring of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) antibodies in goats vaccinated with PPR vaccine and molecular characterization of PPR virus (PPRV) from field cases in Bangladesh.Materials and Methods:Seromonitoring work was conducted in Char Kalibari, Mymensingh Sadar, Mymensingh. For this, a total of 50 goats were randomly selected and were divided into two groups; vaccinated (Group A; n = 25) and non-vaccinated (Group B; n = 25). The goats of both groups were again sub-divided into four age groups; (i) 0–6 months (n = 5), (ii) 6–12 months (n = 5), (iii) 12–24 months (n = 10), and (iv) >24 months (n = 5). Blood samples were collected on Day-0 and after 21 days of post-vaccination (DPV), and the sera were prepared. The sera were examined for the presence of antibodies against PPRV by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. For molecular characterization, nasal swabs (n = 10) were collected from PPR infected goats in Jessore during PPR outbreak (February 2016). The causative agent, PPRV isolated from field cases were confirmed by N gene based on reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), followed by sequencing, phylogenetic analysis, and multiple sequence alignment analyses.Results:In the case of seromonitoring, the results revealed that before vaccination (at Day-0), overall, 44% (n = 22/50) goats were seropositive for PPRV. In Group A, 48% (n = 12/25) goats were seropositive, but after 21 DPV, 96% (n = 24/25) goats become seropositive. On the other hand, in Group B, 40% (n = 10/25) and 16% (n = 04/25) seropositive goats found at Day-0 and after 21 DPV, respectively, indicating that the antibody titer was increasing after vaccination and decreasing in convalescent goats. Out of 10 nasal swab samples, 40% (n = 4/10) was confirmed by RT-PCR targeting nucleocapsid (N gene). Phylogenetically, our isolate (KY039156/PPRV/BDG/Jes/2016) was similar to the other strains of PPRV under lineage IV. However, there was a unique amino acid substitution, where glycine (G) was recorded in place of arginine (R). The strain is closely related with other Chinese or Indian strains. The nucleotide sequence homology by NCBI BLAST search of the isolated strain ranged from 95% to 99% with other strains circulating in Bangladesh.Conclusion:The PPRV is prevailing in the Mymensingh and Jessore regions of Bangladesh. Effective control of PPR in goats may depend on vaccination with PPR vaccine. Molecular characterization of PPRV in Jessore reveals that the virus is differing from the strain prevalent in other regions of Bangladesh and the world.

A prevalence study was conducted to observe both ecto-and endo-parasitic (gastrointestinal) infection throughout one year surveillance. The study was conducted from July 2014 to June 2015 through Parasitology Laboratory, BLRI, Savar, Dhaka. The study considered age of cattle, season and type of parasitic infestation. In the study area total number of cattle population was 2000 in which 500 fecal and 200 ectoparasitic samples was collected considering three respective seasons like rainy, summer and winter. The fecal samples were examined by direct smear method followed by McMaster counting techniques and examine under microscope. After collection of samples within 24 hours all sample were tested by preserving at 40C temperature. In clinical observation, the overall prevalence of endoparasitic (gastrointestinal) infection was 68% and ectoparasitic infection was 60%. Prevalence of endoparasite was more frequent in rainy season (52.65%) followed by summer (27.05%) and winter season (20.29%) whereas prevalence of ectoparasite was more frequent in summer (39%) followed by rainy (13.5%) and winter (7.5%) season. The parasitic prevalence load was low in winter season. In endoparasitic infection, the higher prevalence of Paramphistomum spp. (20%) was found in rainy season whereas Haemonchus spp. (14%) and Toxocara spp. (12%) were higher in summer. In cattle, prevalence of Paramphistomum spp. (25.14%) and Haemonchus spp. (18.58%) was higher in adult cattle (above 6 months), whereas prevalence of Toxocara spp. (36.67%) and Coccidial oocyst (23.33%) was higher in calf (under 6 month) than adult animal (above 6 months) of age. The overall prevalence of ectoparasite was 60% and tick infestation was highest (22.5%) followed by lice (17.5%), mange (12.5%) and maggot fly (7.5%). High humidity (above 70%) and temperature provoke high endo- and ecto-parasite infection in the environment and infect cattle as well as other livestock species. Bangladesh J. of Livestock Res. 21-25: 29-35, 2018

Cellular entry pathways for viruses dictate the types of immune responses elicited upon infection. Human adenovirus species D type 37 (HAdV‐D37) causes epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC), associated with severe ocular surface inflammation. However, viral entry is known to be cell type and virus specific. To examine basic mechanisms of HAdV‐D37 pathogenesis in EKC, we studied entry of HAdV‐D37 in vivo in our mouse corneal adenovirus keratitis model, and in vitro in cultured human corneal cells. In the mouse model at 1 hour post infection, viruses appeared to be entering cells by macropinocytosis. By 8 hours post infection, viruses formed regular packed intracytoplasmic arrays adjacent to cell nuclei, with minimal capsid uncoating. Therefore, viral entry occurred, but transport of virus to the cell nucleus appeared abortive, possibly explaining the failure of HAdV‐D37 replication in the mouse cornea. In vitro, inhibition of PKCα reduced viral entry and phosphorylation of both Src and caveolin‐1 in lipid raft fractions, suggesting that PKCα activity occurs upstream of both molecules. Phosphorylated PKCα and Src were found in same endosomal fractions and may be physically associated. These results suggest a central role for PKC in HAdV‐D37 entry and regulation of downstream molecules in corneal cells, including caveolin‐1. Interestingly, the small GTPase dynamin II, did not appear necessary for HAdV‐D37 entry into corneal epithelial cells, but was critical for viral entry in corneal fibroblasts.