Summary Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) enters the host cell by binding to angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Other important proteins involved in this process include disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain‐containing protein 17 (ADAM17) also known as tumour necrosis factor‐α‐converting enzyme and transmembrane serine protease 2. ACE2 converts angiotensin II (Ang II) to angiotensin (1–7), to balance the renin angiotensin system. Membrane‐bound ACE2 ectodomain shedding is mediated by ADAM17 upon viral spike binding, Ang II overproduction and in several diseases. The shed soluble ACE2 (sACE2) retains its catalytic activity, but its precise role in viral entry is still unclear. Therapeutic sACE2 is claimed to exert dual effects; reduction of excess Ang II and blocking viral entry by masking the spike protein. Nevertheless, the paradox is why SARS‐CoV‐2 comorbid patients struggle to attain such benefit in viral infection despite having a high amount of sACE2. In this review, we discuss the possible detrimental role of sACE2 and speculate on a series of events where protease primed or non‐primed virus–sACE2 complex might enter the host cell. As extracellular virus can bind many sACE2 molecules, sACE2 level could be reduced drastically upon endocytosis by the host cell. A consequential rapid rise in Ang II level could potentially aggravate disease severity through Ang II‐angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R) axis in comorbid patients. Hence, monitoring sACE2 and Ang II level in coronavirus disease 2019 comorbid patients are crucial to ensure safe and efficient intervention using therapeutic sACE2 and vaccines.
This study was conducted in Boyra and Sutiakhali villages under Sadar upazila of Mymensingh district to know the present status of backyard poultry production system. The survey data were collected from 40 randomly selected farmers having 20 from each village by interviewing them. The data were then analyzed statistically. All the selected farmers reared deshi chicken and about 54% of them reared deshi duck only. It was also found that highest proportion (75%) of farmers reared both chicken and duck together, followed by 17.5% reared only chicken and 7.5% reared chicken, duck and pigeon at a time. The average population per household of chicken, duck and pigeon were 10.4, 9.95 and 4.0, respectively, in both villages. All farmers reared poultry in semi-scavenging system. About 55% farmers kept poultry in their dwelling house. Farmers were used boiled rice, rice polish, paddy and broken rice to fed the birds. About 62% farmers were used rice and rice polish to make diet for chicken and ducks. Farmers provided around 49g and 108g supplemental diet to each chicken and duck per day, respectively and about 65% farmers provided this diet twice a day. Majority of farmers did not use feeder and waterer (about 75% and 87.5% respectively). Age at sexual maturity of Chicken and duck were around 189 days and 195 days, respectively. Adult weight of chicken and duck were 1192.5g and 1690g, respectively. The weights of chicken and duck eggs were 39.02 and 62.5g, respectively. The hatchability of chicken and duck eggs ranged between 69-80% and 76-90% with an average of 75.97 and 83%, respectively. Majority of the farmers mentioned that the most prevalent diseases of chicken and duck were New castle and cholera (about 51% and 49%, respectively). A large number of farmers (86%) did not vaccinate their poultry. Mortality of chicken and duck were calculated about 28% and 20%, respectively. Farmers collected chicks and ducklings from market and neighbor but most of the farmers (50% for chicks and 43% for ducks) incubate eggs under the broody hen. It was concluded that backyard poultry farmers are low producers and chicken and duck were found to be the most common poultry species reared by the farmers.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v43i1.19382 Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2014. 43 (1): 30-37
The research work was carried out from July 2004 to June 2005 and the place of research work was Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI). The objectives of this work were to investigate the diseases and mortality pattern of goats and some factors affecting mortality and survivability rates of Black Bengal goats under intensive and semi-intensive management, in permanent house. Goats were only vaccinated with Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR), administered with anthelmintics and dipped in 0.5% Malathion or 0.02% Diazinon solution to control endo-and ecto-parasites, respectively. They were allowed to graze 6-7 hours along with supplemental concentrate and green forages whereas ad libitum green grasses and concentrate were supplied to the goats managed under intensive management. The diseases were recorded mainly on the basis of clinical symptoms shown by animals and some by laboratory diagnosis; mortality was confirmed by some laboratory tests and clinical findings before death if any. Adult goats (>1 yr of age) died mostly due to suspected enterotoxaemia in the dry season (October to March) when there were shortages of green grasses in the grazing lands, which were confirmed by Gram's staining and ELISA tests, and female goats died significantly more than male. Growing goats (3-12 months of age) mortality was about 22%, died mostly due to diarrhoea and pneumonia and mortality was higher (nearly 40%) in hot and wet season (July to October). The overall kid (0-3 months of age) mortality within study period was about 29%, of which the major causes were infectious (63%) i.e., diarrhoea, pneumonia, ecthyma and enterotoxaemia. Excluding accidental causes (predators and mechanical) mortality was reduced to about 18%.Kid mortality was affected by birth weight which was just opposite to mortality. It was also affected by birth seasons, litter size, sex of kids, dam's body weight at kidding but parity was no significant effect on kid mortality Kids like growing goats, also died significantly more during hot and wet season. Morbidity was higher in female goats where mostly diarrhoea and pneumonia and some sorts affected all age groups of goats by ecthyma. There were seasonal differences.
The study was conducted to compare the performance of chickens of non-descript desi (ND),
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