Post translational modifications (PTMs) are involved in variety of cellular activities and phosphorylation is one of the most extensively studied PTM, which regulates a number of cellular functions like cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis and cell signaling in healthy condition. However, alterations in phosphorylation pathways result in serious outcomes in the form of diseases, especially cancer. Many signalling pathways including Tyrosine kinase, MAP kinase, Cadherin-catenin complex, Cyclin-dependent kinase etc. are major players of the cell cycle and deregulation in their phosphorylation-dephosphorylation cascade has been shown to be manifested in the form of various types of cancers. Tyrosine kinase family encompasses the greatest number of oncoproteins. MAPK cascade has an importance role in cancer growth and progression. Bcl-2 family proteins serve either proapoptotic or antiapoptotic function. Cadherin-catenin complex regulates cell adhesion properties and cyclins are the key regulators of cell cycle. Altered phosphorylations in any of the above pathways are strongly associated with cancer, at the same time they serve as the potential tergets for drug development against cancer. Drugs targeting tyrosine kinase are potent anticancer drugs. Inhibitors of MEK, PI3K and ERK signalling pathways are undergoing clinical trials. Thus, drugs targeting phosphorylation pathways represent a promising area for cancer therapy.
Aim:The present investigation has been conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of Moringa oleifera against cadmium-induced toxicity in rats.Materials and Methods:For this study, 18 Wistar albino rats were taken. Control group, Group I rats were given cadmium chloride @ 200 ppm per kg and Group II rats were treated with M. oleifera extract @ 500 mg/kg along with cadmium chloride @ 200 ppm per kg (daily oral for 28 days). On 29th day, animals were slaughtered and various parameters were determined. Serum biomarkers, oxidative stress parameters, histomorphological examination were carried out with estimation of cadmium concentration in liver tissues.Results:Oral administration of cadmium chloride @ 200 ppm/kg for 28 days resulted in a significant increase in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), significant (p≤0.01) increase of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD), and increase in cadmium accumulation in liver. Treatment with M. oleifera @ 500 mg/kg significantly (p<0.01) decreased the elevated ALP, AST, ALT, LPO levels and increase in SOD levels, and as compared to cadmium chloride treated group. However, there was no significant difference in cadmium concentration in liver when compared with cadmium chloride treated group.Conclusion:The study conclude that supplementation of M. oleifera (500 mg/kg), daily oral for 28 days has shown protection against cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity.
The research work was carried out from July 2004 to June 2005 and the place of research work was Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI). The objectives of this work were to investigate the diseases and mortality pattern of goats and some factors affecting mortality and survivability rates of Black Bengal goats under intensive and semi-intensive management, in permanent house. Goats were only vaccinated with Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR), administered with anthelmintics and dipped in 0.5% Malathion or 0.02% Diazinon solution to control endo-and ecto-parasites, respectively. They were allowed to graze 6-7 hours along with supplemental concentrate and green forages whereas ad libitum green grasses and concentrate were supplied to the goats managed under intensive management. The diseases were recorded mainly on the basis of clinical symptoms shown by animals and some by laboratory diagnosis; mortality was confirmed by some laboratory tests and clinical findings before death if any. Adult goats (>1 yr of age) died mostly due to suspected enterotoxaemia in the dry season (October to March) when there were shortages of green grasses in the grazing lands, which were confirmed by Gram's staining and ELISA tests, and female goats died significantly more than male. Growing goats (3-12 months of age) mortality was about 22%, died mostly due to diarrhoea and pneumonia and mortality was higher (nearly 40%) in hot and wet season (July to October). The overall kid (0-3 months of age) mortality within study period was about 29%, of which the major causes were infectious (63%) i.e., diarrhoea, pneumonia, ecthyma and enterotoxaemia. Excluding accidental causes (predators and mechanical) mortality was reduced to about 18%.Kid mortality was affected by birth weight which was just opposite to mortality. It was also affected by birth seasons, litter size, sex of kids, dam's body weight at kidding but parity was no significant effect on kid mortality Kids like growing goats, also died significantly more during hot and wet season. Morbidity was higher in female goats where mostly diarrhoea and pneumonia and some sorts affected all age groups of goats by ecthyma. There were seasonal differences.
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