This study was conducted in Boyra and Sutiakhali villages under Sadar upazila of Mymensingh district to know the present status of backyard poultry production system. The survey data were collected from 40 randomly selected farmers having 20 from each village by interviewing them. The data were then analyzed statistically. All the selected farmers reared deshi chicken and about 54% of them reared deshi duck only. It was also found that highest proportion (75%) of farmers reared both chicken and duck together, followed by 17.5% reared only chicken and 7.5% reared chicken, duck and pigeon at a time. The average population per household of chicken, duck and pigeon were 10.4, 9.95 and 4.0, respectively, in both villages. All farmers reared poultry in semi-scavenging system. About 55% farmers kept poultry in their dwelling house. Farmers were used boiled rice, rice polish, paddy and broken rice to fed the birds. About 62% farmers were used rice and rice polish to make diet for chicken and ducks. Farmers provided around 49g and 108g supplemental diet to each chicken and duck per day, respectively and about 65% farmers provided this diet twice a day. Majority of farmers did not use feeder and waterer (about 75% and 87.5% respectively). Age at sexual maturity of Chicken and duck were around 189 days and 195 days, respectively. Adult weight of chicken and duck were 1192.5g and 1690g, respectively. The weights of chicken and duck eggs were 39.02 and 62.5g, respectively. The hatchability of chicken and duck eggs ranged between 69-80% and 76-90% with an average of 75.97 and 83%, respectively. Majority of the farmers mentioned that the most prevalent diseases of chicken and duck were New castle and cholera (about 51% and 49%, respectively). A large number of farmers (86%) did not vaccinate their poultry. Mortality of chicken and duck were calculated about 28% and 20%, respectively. Farmers collected chicks and ducklings from market and neighbor but most of the farmers (50% for chicks and 43% for ducks) incubate eggs under the broody hen. It was concluded that backyard poultry farmers are low producers and chicken and duck were found to be the most common poultry species reared by the farmers.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v43i1.19382 Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2014. 43 (1): 30-37

The study was conducted to know the present status, existing production system of duck and assess the potentiality of duck rearing in rural areas of Mymensingh district in Bangladesh. Data were collected randomly from 50 duck rearing farmers using a pre-tested interview schedule during March to May 2010 from several villages under sadar upazilla of Mymensingh. The results reveal that most of the farmers (60%) were middle aged. About 32% farmers were illiterate. Most of the farmers (52%) reared deshi duck and duck population per household was 11.1. About 80% wife of farmer’s household were responsible for duck rearing. All farmers reared duck in semi scavenging system. About 36% farmers used wood and tin for construction of duck house and 94% farmers used bedding materials for their duck house. All farmers used rice in the diet for duck and 62% farmers accumulated rice and rice polish to make diet for their ducks. About 40% farmers provided on an average of 121.91g supplemental diet to each duck/day and cost of the diet was Tk. 0.85/duck/day. Most of the farmers (72%) provided diet to their ducks twice a day. The age and weight of duck at maturity were 183.6 days and 1.69 kg, respectively. Egg production/duck/year and weight of each egg were 117.5 no’s and 63.8g, respectively. All farmers incubated duck egg under broody hen and they got 85.83% hatchability on set eggs. Most of the farmers (52%) mentioned that most prevalent disease of duck was cholera and their duck mortality was 15.2%. About 52% farmers controlled their duck disease with medication and only 14% farmers used vaccine to prevent duck disease. About 22% and 13.5% people did not consume duck meat and egg, respectively because of odour, asthama and allergy. Most of the farmers (50%) incubating duck eggs for ducklings. About 66% farmers purchased duckling by Tk. 24-25 and 58% farmers sell adult duck by Tk. 175-190. Most of the farmers (81.25%) stated that the duck farming is decreasing day by day. About farmers (51%) stated that reason of decreasing duck farming was lack of scavenging area. It was concluded that duck rearing knowledge of the farmers such as breeding, feeding, housing, prevention and control of diseases are not satisfactory of this areas. Introducing of improved duck breeds/varieties, training to duck farmers, ensuring vaccination to ducks, financial and technical support to the farmers could increase the duck rearing with increased household income and employment to youth, rural women and the small-holder marginal farmers.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. June 2016, 2(2): 202-212

Solvolysis rates of 2-(dimethylphenylsilyl)-1-(Y-phenyl)ethyl 3,5-dinitrobenzoates were determined conductimetrically in 60% (v/v) aqueous ethanol. In order to clarify the nature of the β-Si participation quantitatively, the effects of α-aryl substituents on the rates were analyzed by means of the Yukawa–Tsuno Eq. The α-aryl (Y)-substituent effect at 25 °C was correlated with r 1.0 and ρ = −3.0, which is significantly reduced compared with that of −5.45 for the non-silylated 1-arylethyl system. There is a linear relationship between logkY/kH of silylated and non-silylated substrates: log(kY/kH)Si = 0.52log(kY/kH)non-Si. This is the same form as the extended Brønsted relationship. The Brønsted coefficient α = 0.52 appeared to be consistent with the neighboring silyl-participation in the silyl-bridged transition state.

Solvolysis rates of 2‐(aryldimethylsilyl)‐1‐methylethyl and 2‐(aryldimethylsilyl)‐1‐tert‐butylethyl trifluoroacetates were determined conductimetrically in 60% (v/v) aqueous ethanol. The effects of aryl substituents at the silicon atom on the solvolysis rates at 50 °C were correlated with $\bar {\sigma }$ parameters of r+ = 0.15 with the Yukawa–Tsuno equation, giving ρ values of −1.5 for both secondary α‐Me and α‐tert‐Bu systems. The ρ values for those secondary systems are less negative than −1.75 for the 2‐(aryldimethylsilyl)ethyl system that proceeds by the Eaborn (non‐vertical) mechanism, while they are distinctly more negative than −0.99 for 2‐(aryldimethylsilyl)‐1‐phenylethyl system that should proceed by the Lambert (vertical) mechanism. There was a fairly linear relationship between the reaction constants (ρ) for the β‐silyl substituent effects and the solvolysis reactivities for a series of β‐silyl substrates. The solvolyses of the α‐Me and tert‐Bu substrates proceed through the transition state (TS) with an appreciable degree of the β‐silyl participation, close to the Eaborn (non‐vertical) TS rather than to the Lambert (vertical) TS. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Solvolysis rates of 2-[dimethyl(X-phenyl)silyl]-1-(Y-phenyl)ethyl 3,5-dinitrobenzoates were determined conductimetrically in 60% (v/v) aqueous ethanol. The effects of substituents X in the β-arylsilyl moiety (X-C6H4(CH3)2Si–) were analyzed by means of the Yukawa–Tsuno Equation. The X-phenyl-Si substituent effects (at 25 °C) were correlated against a set of X parameters of r+≅0.1 to give a [(ρX)Si] value of −1.06 for α-Ph (Y=H) and [(ρX)Si]=−1.18 for α-(m-CF3)phenyl (Y = m-CF3) subsets, which are all distinctly lower than that of −1.75 for the 2-[dimethyl(X-phenyl)silyl]ethyl solvolysis. The δY[(ρX)Si]Y can be regarded as the effect of the aryl substituents on the β-Si moiety on the benzylic cation center in the rate-determining step. The α-aryl substituent effect δY[log(kY)X=H] of 2-[dimethyl(X-phenyl)silyl]-1-(Y-phenyl)ethyl system was correlated against Y scale characteristic of the benzylic cation reactions (r+≅1.0) to give (ρY)α-Ar≅−3.0. The [(ρX)Si]Y values changed in parallel with the reactivities δY[log(kY)X=H] of the α-Ar substrate.

Solvolysis rates of 2-(aryldimethylsilyl)ethyl chlorides were determined conductimetrically in 60% (v/v) aqueous ethanol. The effects of aryl substituents at the silyl atom on the solvolysis rates at 50 °C were correlated with essentially nonresonant parameters of r = 0.10 in terms of Yukawa–Tsuno (Y–T) Eq. 1, giving a ρ value of −1.75. Such a high ρ value may be regarded as the effect of aryl ring on the bridged Si in the rate-determining step. The Si-bridging is consistent with the fact that the solvolysis of the unsubstituted substrate with d2-labeled ethylene moiety gave substitution products with label scrambling. The arylsilyl substituent effects were likewise analyzed for several relevant sets of β-silyl systems in order to ascertain significant variations of ρ values from system to system; Y–T Eq. 1 correlated quite excellently with essentially nonresonant sigmas of negligible resonance demand (r 0.10), to exhibit significant variations of ρ from −1.75 to −0.95.

A total of 48 Shaver-579 chicken layers aged between 85 to 94 weeks were reared in individual cages and given a basal diet amounting to 115g feed/bird/day. The basal diet fortified with 0.05, 0.10 or 0.15% RenaPhytase-400 constituted of 3 experimental diets to see the effects of exogenous phytase on egg production and egg quality. Results indicated that increasing level of exogenous phytase in diet almost linearly (p<0.05) increased egg production and feed conversion but did not affect egg quality. Providing phytase in the diet at 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15% increased egg production by 11.86, 22.2 and 24.58%, respectively. It was shown that highest egg production was found at 0.15% phytase levels in diet. It can be concluded that egg production of aged hen could be increased by adding said amount of exogenous phytase in the diet.

A study on pigeon diseases at Khulna sadar and surrounding private farms was done to determine the occurrence of the common pigeon diseases. A total of 502 diseased pigeon were examined. According to age, they were classified into three categories squab (1-2 weeks), young (30-90 days) and adult (>90days). Those diseases were identified clinically by postmortem examination and laboratory testing, were carried out in veterinary hospital at Khulna from March 2013 to February 2014. Out of 502, 20.32% were salmonellosis, 18. 92% were pigeon pox, 11.95% were canker. Pigeon pox found high level in June-July. Among other diseases parasitic infestation (31.67%) was more prevalent. Disease varies significantly (P<0.01) with season, where summer (57.37%) is more prevalent. Rate of diseases (salmonellosis and pigeon pox) affection significantly (P<0.01) varies with age. Young are more susceptible with salmonellosis and pigeon pox. This study was done first time at Khulna and right time to take necessary steps saving pigeon farming.