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Muscle atrophy and fat accumulation occur after rotator cuff tearing. Whether these changes are reversible after a successful repair is still unknown. Imaging allows only a semi-quantitative assessment of muscle atrophy and fat deposition. As only experimental studies permit a quantification of both, a unilateral detachment and wrapping in a polyvinylidine fluoride membrane of the supraspinatus was done in 22 rabbits. After 12 weeks, the polyvinylidine fluoride membrane was removed in 10 rabbits and the tendon inserted into a bony trough. The opposite shoulder served as control. All rabbits were killed at 24 weeks. Accumulation of fat on the muscle surface as well as between the muscle fascicles and occasionally in the sarcoplasm was increased in both experimental groups when compared to controls (non-reattached 12.8%, reattached 23.5% vs controls 5.4%; all p < 0.005). The muscle atrophy was significant (non-reattached 9.2 ml, reattached 9.1 ml vs controls 10.7 ml; both p < 0.005). Neither atrophy nor fat accumulation were reversed by surgical reattachment of the supraspinatus tendon. On the contrary, the fat accumulation was higher in the reattached group ( JJ < 0.005). The trauma of reattachment, the delay between detachment and reattachment or an insufficient duration of recovery may have contributed to both, the lack of reversibility of supraspinatus atrophy and fat accumulation.

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In the extensive application of eqn. (2), the correlation results were always compared with those of the Brown equation. It was pointed out that the additional r term in eqn. (2) is either necessary or superflu~us.~-~ More critical analyses cast doubt on the real merit of the r parameter: and argue against its significance as a measure of the resonance demand.4 Hence, this point will be also considered in this review.The difficulties encountered in the analysis of substituent effects in solvolyses as a mechanistic probe mostly arise from the mechanistic involvement of the s o l ~e n t . ~-~ Consequently, the behaviour of benzylic carbocations in the gas phase should be the best model Yuho Tsuno studied chemistry in Osaka University. He obtained his diploma under the supervision of Professor Y.

Introduction: Reattachment of the supraspinatus (SSP) tendon after spontaneous rupture leads to improved shoulder function. Whether this improvement of function is due to a reversal of muscle atrophy and fat accumulation known to occur after SSP rupture is still debated. Our previous study of late reattachment of SSP (12 weeks) failed to confirm a reversal of muscle atrophy and of fat accumulation.Purpose: To find out whether earlier reattachment (6 weeks) reverses atrophy and fat accumulation of the SSP.Mciferiul und nzethod.7: Reattachment group: in seven rabbits unilateral supraspinatus detachment, reattachment after 6 weeks and killing 6 weeks later. Detachment group: in seven rabbits unilateral supraspinatus detachment and killing 12 weeks later. The contralateral shoulders served as controls (n = 14). Determination of the supraspinatus constituents: muscle, extra-and intramuscular Fat in volume and cross-sectional area.Results: Muscle tissue in the reattachment group (8.6 ml f 1 s.d. = 0.6) and in the detachment group (8.9 ml i 0.9) were less

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Our data suggest that the increased elasticity and structural changes of the posterior SM are one of the main causes of limited extension after a long period of immobilization in flexion using SAM, which is a powerful tool for evaluating the elasticity of targeted tissues.