No abstract

Bacteriological examination on intestinal swabs of 30 apparently healthy and 30 sick / dead Sonali chickens (Fayoumi hen × RIR cock), aged between 25 to 60 weeks were carried out to determine the enteropathogens associated with health and disease, during the period from March to October 2003. These birds of either sex and reared under semi-scavenging system under the SLDP-2 project area in the district of Feni. The 60 swabs were collected at slaughter / necropsy in sterile nutrient and tetrathionate broth. In addition, the gross tissue changes of the sick / dead birds were recorded. The prevalent bacterial flora in intestinal swabs were Salmonella (33.33%), E. coli (95.0%), Staphylococcus (51.66%), Streptococcus (40%) and Pasteurella multocida (3.33%) of which Salmonella (36.66%) and E. coli (26.66%) were associated with marked pathological lesions. The isolated enteropathogens and their associated gross and histopathological changes are described and discussed. It may be concluded from this study that the enteric bacteria usually remain as clinically overt infection and do not produce clinical disease unless or until other factors are involved. Key words: Enterobacteria; apparently healthy chickens; sick/dead chickens; pathology doi: 10.3329/bjvm.v2i1.1928 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2004). 2 (1) : 15-21

A total of 23 Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates from Bangladesh taken between 2010 and 2012 were characterized on the basis of partial F gene sequences. All the isolates belonged to genotype XIII of class II NDV but segregated into three sub-clusters. One sub-cluster with 17 isolates aligned with sub-genotype XIIIc. The other two sub-clusters were phylogenetically distinct from the previously described sub-genotypes XIIIa, XIIIb and XIIIc and could be candidates of new sub-genotypes; however, that needs to be validated through full-length F gene sequence data. The results of the present study suggest that genotype XIII NDVs are under continuing evolution in Bangladesh.

A molecularly cloned, tissue culture-adapted infectious bursal disease virus (BD-3tc) was generated from a very virulent strain by the reverse genetics approach following site-directed mutagenesis (Q253H and A284T in VP2). The pathogenicity of BD-3tc was tested in commercial chickens. The wild-type strain (BD-3wt) and the molecularly cloned parental strain (BD-3mc) were included for comparison. The subclinical course of the disease, with delayed and milder pathological lesions followed by quick follicular regeneration in the bursa of Fabricius in BD-3tc-inoculated birds, suggested that these amino acid substitutions made BD-3tc partially attenuated. However, severe bursa atrophy was observed at 14 days after inoculation. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction coupled with restriction enzyme analysis revealed that both point mutations in BD-3tc had reverted 14 days after inoculation. Further investigations demonstrated that the codon for amino acid at position 284 had already reverted to the wild-type phenotype (T284A) 3 days after inoculation.

A total of 206 ducks were subjected to routine postmortem examinations from July 2007 to June 2008. Of the ducks examined, 167 (81.1 %) were infected by one/more species of gastro-intestinal helminths. A total of ten species of helminth parasites were recovered from gastrointestinal tract, of which four species were trematodes namely: Echinostoma revolutum, Notocotylus attenuatus, Hypoderaeum conoideum and Echinoparyphium recurvatum; two were nematodes, namely, Amidostomum anseris, Capillaria contorta; two were cestodes, viz, Hymenolepis coronula and Fimbriaria fasciolaris and two species belonged to acanthocephala such as, Arythmorhynchus anser and Filicollis anatis. Single double and mixed infections were found in 78 (46.7%), 46 (27.5%) and 43 (25.8%) ducks, respectively. Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth was significantly (P<0.05) higher in female ducks (82.7 %) than male ducks (77.6%). Ducks above six month to one year of age were more affected (53.9%) than the ducks < 6 month (15.0%) and > 1 year of age (31.1%). Helminth infection was significantly (P<0.05) lower in rainy season (64.9%) in contrast to summer (75.7 %) and winter season (91.1 %). In heavy infections of E. revolutum haemorrhagic enteritis were noticed and parasites were firmly attached with the mucosa. E. recurvatum caused thickening of the serosal surface of intestinal wall. N. attenuatus produced catarrhal tryplitis characterized by thickening of the villi and formation of oeosinophilic granulomas. Massive infections with H. coronula produced inflammatory changes in the small intestine. Grossly petechial haemorrhages to ulcerative lesions were produced by A. anseris. In proventriculus circular ulcerative and necrotic areas with degeneration of the glandular tissues were seen. A. anser was also found in between the horney and muscular layer of the gizzard where they produced pin pointed haemorrhagic lesions and in severe case parasites were embedded into the mucosal layers of gizzard. For the control of helminths infections mass deworming is necessary.

Prevalence, population dynamics and pathological effects of intestinal helminths in Black Bengal goats were studied by examining 150 viscera collecting from different slaughter houses of Mymensingh district from the period of November 2005 to May 2006 in the Department of Parasitology and Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, of which 94.67% goats were infected with one or more species of helminths. A total of 5 species of helminth parasites were identified such as Oesophagostomum columbianum (92%), Trchuris ovis (56.66%), Schistosoma indicum (38%), Moniezia expansa (10.66%) and Moniezia benedeni (2.66%). Single infection was observed in case of O. columbianum (16%) and S. indicum (2.66%). Single sex infection was established by S. indicum male (5.33%). Overall mean parasitic burden was 34.02±2.20. Mean parasitic burden was the highest in case of O. columbianum (29.91±2.00) followed by that of T. ovis (5.70±0.47), S. indicum (4.66±0.42), M. expansa (2.59±0.54) and M. benedeni (1.00±00). Prevalence of intestinal helminth was significantly (P<0.05) higher in winter (100%) than that in summer (89.33%). Calculated odds ratio in between winter and summer was 18, which indicated that Black Bengal goats were 18 times more susceptible to helminth infection in winter. Parasitic burden was also higher in winter (41.53±3.15) than that in summer (25.52±2.57) season. Pathological lesions were observed in case of O. columbianum, T. ovis and S. indicum infection. In O. columbianum infection, hard, raised, slightly yellowish to greenish colored nodules measuring 0.25×0.50 cm were observed. Microscopically, it was characterized by catarrhal inflammation associated with destruction and desquamation of epithelial cells. Affected tissues were infiltrated chiefly with lymphocytes, macrophages, a few eosinophils and occasionally with plasma cells and neutrophils. Caseation and fibrous tissue proliferation were also noticed. But moderate infection with T. ovis was characterized by catarrhal inflammation along with the petechial haemorrhages on the intestinal mucosa where parasites were firmly attached. Histopathologically, it was characterized by destruction of lining epithelium of villi of caecum and colon along with the cellular infiltration predominantly with lymphocytes, few eosinophils and occasionally by macrophages. Lymph nodes of the lamina propria were enlarged. In case of S. indicum infection, haemorrhages were observed particularly on the rectal mucosa. Numerous eggs were found in the mucosal scraping from intestinal surface. Microscopically, lamina propria was thick and inflammed. Granulomatous response was observed which was characterized by the infiltration of epitheloid cells and proliferation of fibroblasts. The present study clearly suggests that Black Bengal goats are susceptible to intestinal helminths in both winter and summer seasons and most of the parasites recovered were associated with the production of variable degree of pathological lesions. That is why proper attempts should be ...

No abstract

Due to shorter shelf life and inadequate postharvest facilities, every year a huge loss of banana occurs in Bangladesh. An effective postharvest practice can reduce the spoilage rate as well as can extend the shelf life of banana. In this context, this current study was conducted to assess the effect of banana peel extract (BPE) on shelf life and quality characteristics of ripe banana (cultivar: sagar). Four types of ripe banana samples were prepared and were assessed to find the changes of different physico-chemical parameters like weight loss, color, flavor, firmness, total soluble solid (TSS), pH and spoilage rate. Storage study showed that shelf life of banana can be extended around 2-3 days by spraying BPE on the outer surface of ripe banana. Bananas without treatment were completely spoiled on the fifth day of storage whereas 31.25, 50.00 and 69.23% samples were spoiled on that day in case of bananas treated with BPE of 80% ethanol, distilled water and acetone respectively. The best retention of color, flavor and texture was found for samples treated with BPE of 80% ethanol. Finally, this study revealed that banana peel can be used as a potential source to preserve banana with extended shelf stability