Multidrug resistance poses a global threat to the poultry industry and public health, so the direction towards eliminating the use of antibiotics and finding alternatives is a vital step to solve this problem. Thyme microemulsion (10% oil/water) had nanodrop size 28.65 ± 0.89 nm, with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.28 with greater homogeneity. It showed IC50 > 100 ug/ml on cytotoxicity assay and 14 active components by GC-Mass. The study was carried out using 210 Cobb chicks divided into fourteen groups. The infected groups were challenged using two Salmonella Enteritidis multidrug resistance (MDR) and Salmonella Enteritidis sensitive strains to the sulpha-trimethoprim antibiotic. The challenged inoculum was 1 × 109 CFU of Salmonella Enteritidis by oral route. The MIC treatments doses were 1 ml/liter water for thyme oil and thyme microemulsion and 33.34 mg/kg b.wt sulfadiazine for 5 days. The results showed that both thymol oil (0.1%) and microemulsion (0.01%) are able to decrease the count of Salmonella Enteritidis in cecal content and fecal dropping and the mortality rates after five days of treatment. In addition, thyme oil and microemulsion had no pathological alteration on chickens’ tissues that were collected two weeks after giving the treatment. By the robust HPLC method, the SDZ and TMP residues in tissues of infected groups treated with Cotrimazine® + thyme oil microemulsion had a slight significant economic impact ( P < 0.05 ) compared to Cotrimazine® alone. In conclusion, thymol oil and microemulsion could be an alternative economic choice for multidrug resistance Salmonella Enteritidis treatment in poultry farms.

This study was designed to determine ceftiofur sodium residues of different rabbit tissues after intramuscular injection at a dose of 2.2 mg/kg BW. A total of twenty-four healthy male New Zealand White rabbits were divided into two groups; the first group (n = 21) was injected with ceftiofur for five successive days, while the second group (n = 3) untreated (control). Liver, kidney, pectoral and thigh muscles, spleen, heart, blood and lung from each rabbit were collected at the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th, 15th and 21st day post ceftiofur sodium treatment. Tissues were extracted and ceftiofur residues were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Ceftiofur remained within the detectable level till the 5th day in most of the investigated tissues (liver, kidney, lung, heart, pectoral and thigh muscles) and serum, but still detected till the 7th and 9th day post treatment in lung and kidney, respectively. It can be concluded that rabbit muscles and livers could be consumed safely at the 3rd day post treatment with that dose, while, rabbit kidneys could be consumed safely at the 1st day post treatment with that dose without any hazards on consumers because the residual level is below the recommended MRL.

The application of molecular methods as complementary or alternative methods can help identifying the plants containing the resistance gene at genotypic level. Therefore, DNA markers can be useful tools for selecting resistant genotypes and can save the evaluation time and improve the precisions. Selection takes productive and genetic lines resistant to nematodes have been known in sugar beet genotypes by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is the greatest vital crops that standing following to sugar cane as sugar crop in the world, later it produces about 20 % of sucrose production annually in the world. In Egypt, Sugar beet is cultivated in 523188 faddans with an average production of 20.7 tons per faddan. Recently, reclaimed desert irrigated lands at West Nubaryia and El-Bostan regions has shown that sugar beet can be successfully grown under sandy soil area condition and its considered as the extended area for sugar beet production in Egypt. The most serious problem against sugar beet extension in new lands is root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne javanica which were reported as major nematode pests of sugar beet in Egypt. Importance of employed resistance nematode sugar beet genotypes (cultivars/hybrids) in infested areas has a great concern.The present study was carried out during the growing season 2015 -2016 at pots experiment in Sabahia Agricultural Research Station, Alexandria, Egypt, for evaluating the reaction of seventeen sugar beet genotypes against the most serious nematode, (Meloidogyne incognita). The seventeen sugar beet genotypes tested in this test were twelve sugar beet commercial varieties, three sugar beet inbred lines and two sugar beet breeding materials. Computed damage index classified the seventeen sugar beet genotypes into five categories according to the varietal assessment. (Four were resistant(R), three were moderately resistant (MR), six were tolerant (T), two were susceptible (S) and two were hyper susceptible (HYS)). The results for conventional PCR indicated that genes of Hs1pro-1and HSPRO2 shows resistance to, (Meloidogyne incognita) beside the known function of these genes as resistant against cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii). Mi-1.2 gene consider resistance to root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) was found in (Mi-3) inbred line.

The present study was designed to evaluate marbofloxacin residues in different rabbit tissues after multiple intramuscular administrations. For that purpose, rabbits were divided into two groups; the first group (n=21) administered 2mg/kg marbofloxacin for five successive days, while the second group (n=3) were untreated and served as controls. th and 21 st day after the last dose post administration of the drug. Liver, kidneys, pectoral muscle and thigh muscles, spleen, heart, blood and lung from each rabbit were taken, extracted and marbofloxacin residues were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatographic method with ultraviolet detection. Results indicated a widespread distribution of marbofloxacin in the most tested tissues. It remained within detectable level till the 5 th day in liver and serum while it continues till the 7 th in kidneys day following the last dose. Therefore, muscles of rabbits treated with marbofloxacin could be consumed safely following the 1 st day post treatment, while liver and kidneys could be consumed safely in the 3 rd day after treatment without any hazards on consumers as the residual level below the recommended MRL (150µg/kg).

No abstract