Abkürzungen: anhydro-CTC = Anhydrochlortetracyclin; BFEL = Bundesforschungsanstalt für Ernährung und Lebensmittel; BG = Bestimmungsgrenze; CTC = Chlortetracyclin; EDTA = Ethylendiamintetraacetic acid; enol-epi-CTC = Enolform des epiChlortetracyclins; epi-CTC = epi-Chlortetracyclin; epi-iso-CTC = epi-Isochlortetracyclin; ESI = Electrospray Ionisation; FAL = Bundesforschungsanstalt für Landwirtschaft; FEDESA = Federation Européenne de la Santé Animale; FG = Frischgewicht; HPLC = High Performance Liquid Chromatography; iso-CTC = Isochlortetra cyclin; ISTD = interner Standard; KGW = Körperge-wicht; keto-epi-CTC = Ketoform des epi-Chlortetracyclins; LC-MS/ MS = Flüssigchromatographie / Tandem-Massenspektrometrie; LEJ = Landesamt für Ernährungswirtschaft und Jagd; MS = Massenspektrometrie; MS 2 = Tandem-Massenspektrometrie; MRL = Maximum Residue Limit; MHK = Minimale Hemmstoffkonzentration; MUNLV = Ministerium für Umwelt und Naturschutz, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen; n = Anzahl der Messwerte; N4-SFD = N4-Acetylsulfadiazin; N/F = nicht nachgewiesen (not found); NWG = Nachweisgrenze; OTC = Oxytetracyclin; PDA = Photodiodenarraydetektor / detektion; PAK = polycyclische aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe; PCB = polychlorierte Biphenyle; SFD = Sulfadiazin; SPE = Solid Phase Extraction; SRM = Selective Reaction Monitoring; TC = Tetracyclin; TIC = Totalionenstrom; TM = Trockenmasse; TMP = Trimethoprim; UFT = Zentrum für Umweltforschung und Umwelttechnologie, Universität Bremen; W = Wiederfi ndung. Zusammenfassung: In einem Modellversuch wurde unter praxisnahen landwirtschaftlichen Bedingungen untersucht, ob Nutzpfl anzen Antibiotika aus Böden aufnehmen, die zuvor mit belasteter Gülle gedüngt worden sind. Dazu wurden Ferkel mit Sulfadiazin (SFD), Trimethoprim (TMP) und Chlortetracyclin (CTC) oral medikamentiert, um kontrolliert Arzneistoff-belastete Schweinegülle zu erhalten. Die Gülle aus 2 Medikationen wurde ca. 8 Monate gelagert und dann zur Düngung der Aussaat von Feldsalat und Winterweizen auf Versuchsparzellen ausgebracht.Während der Lagerung waren CTC und SFD nur bis zu 50-60% abbaubar, daher wurden auf die Felder z.T. erhebliche Antibiotikafrachten ausgetragen (176-284 mg CTC/m 2 und 557-922 mg SFD/m 2 ). Bodenproben wurden in unterschiedlichen Horizonten sowie Pfl anzenproben in verschiedenen Wachstumsstadien bis zur Beerntung genommen und analysiert. In Extrakten der oberen Bodenhorizonte (0-25 cm), die nach der ersten Güllebe-aufschlagung der Versuchsfelder beprobt wurden, sind SFD (90 g/kg TM) und CTC (bestimmt als iso-/epi-iso-CTC-Summenparameter: max. 240 g/kg TM) nachgewiesen worden, aber nicht in tieferen Schichten bis zu 60 cm. In Parzellen, die zweimal organisch gedüngt worden waren, traten die höchsten Belastungen auf. Nach 3 Monaten lagen nur noch Antibiotikagehalte von ca. 10-20 g/kg TM vor.Feldsalat und Winterweizen haben aus den organisch gedüngten Böden Antibiotika über die Wurzel aufgenommen. Bei den Getreidepfl anzen war die zeitliche Veränderung der SFD/ CTC-Gehalte...
Abkürzungen: BG = Bestimmungsgrenze; BSA = Bundessortenamt; CTC = Chlortetracyclin; epi-CTC = 4-epi-Chlortetracyclin; e-keto-CTC = epi-keto-Chlortetracyclin; e-enol-CTC = epienol-Chlortetracyclin; DC = Doxycyclin; e-DC = 6-epi-Doxycyclin; DMC = Demeclocyclin; e-DMC = 4-epi-Demeclocyclin; EDTA = Ethylendiamintetraacetic acid; ESI = Electrospray Ionisation; FG = Frischgewicht; HPLC = High Performance Liquid Chromatography; iso-CTC = Isochlortetracyclin; e-iso-CTC = 4-epi-Isochlortetracyclin; LC-MS/MS = Flüssigchromatographie gekoppelt mit Tandem-Massenspektrometrie; FTICR-MS = Fourier Transform Ionencyclotron Resonanz-Massenspektrometrie; MeOH = Methanol; MS = Massenspektrometrie; MS 2 = Tandem-Massenspektrometrie; MUNLV = Ministerium für Umwelt und Naturschutz, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz des Landes Nordrhein Westfalen; n = Anzahl der Messwerte (HPLC-Injektionen pro Probe); NWG = Nachweisgrenze; OTC = Oxytetracyclin; e-OTC = 4-epi-Oxytetracyclin; PAD = Photodiodenarraydetektor; SPE = Solid Phase Extraction; SFD = Sulfadiazin; SRM = Selected Reaction Monitoring; TC = Tetracyclin; e-TC = 4-epi-Tetracyclin; TMP = Trimethoprim; TM = Trockenmasse; W = Wiederfindung.
Investigation on the transfer of pharmacologically active substances used in animal husbandry into leek and cabbage. The potential of leek and cabbage for uptake of highly prescribed veterinary drugs (antibiotics) was tested in hydroponically grown plants. For this purpose the antibiotics sulfadiazine (SFD), enrofloxacine (ENR), tetracycline (TC), chlortetracycline (CTC) and monensine (MON) were chosen. A further aim was to gain data on the situation of vegetables grown in agricultural practise with regard to antibiotic residues. The evident effects of the antibiotics on plants grown hydroponically (each antibiotic was administered at 5 lmol/l nutrient solution) were greatly different: With regard to leek there were no visible effects (MON, SFD), a weak bleaching of the younger leaf sections (CTC), and strong effects of ENR. The (phytotoxic) effects of antibiotics on cabbage were much more distinct. CTC caused a yellowing of the plant vasculature in cabbage. MON induced lesions on some leaves and finally led to leaf wilting. With administration of ENR a nearly complete bleaching of young leaves was observed. Using LC-MS/MSmethods (low-resolution and high-resolution MS) the administered antibiotics, as well as conversion products and metabolites, were separately identified and quantified in various organs of leek (roots, young and old sections of leaves) and cabbage (roots, stalks, young and old leaves). Depending on the type of antibiotic, vegetable species, and plant organ, the detected concentrations of antibiotic residues comprised several orders of magnitude ranging from lg/kg to mg/kg of fresh weight (fw). The highest concentrations of antibiotics were found in roots of both vegetable species: CTC and TC were detected at approximately 10 mg/kg fw in cabbage roots and at approximately 20 mg/kg fw in leek roots and ENR was determined at approximately 12 mg/kg fw in cabbage roots. Low amounts of ENR were metabolised to ciprofloxacine (CIP). ENR occurred at similar concentrations of approximately 7 mg/kg fw in roots and old leaves of cabbage, indicating a high transport rate of this antibiotic in the cabbage plant. In stalks, young and old leaves of cabbage and in young and old leaf sections of leek all administered antibiotics were detected. Within these antibiotics, ENR and CTC and their conversion products, e. g. demeclocycline (DMC) and TC, occurred at the highest concentrations. SFD and MON were found in considerably lower concentrations (\100 lg/kg fw). The results of our experiments in hydroponic cultures, using defined concentrations of antibiotics in the nutrient solution, evidently demonstrate that
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