No abstract

No abstract

Summary: The data available from the previous paper have been analysed to determine the interaction between the blood sugar and plasma insulin responses to oral glucose and a number of other biological variables.The total sugar and insulin responses were derived by calculating the total area and the incremental area under the curves.The blood sugar area was significantly correlated with age in both men and women, particularly the former. A striking degree of correlation was found in men between the level of fasting glycerides and the blood sugar area. There was a significant correlation also in women, but this was entirely due to the presence of the older, postmenopausal individuals. A lower degree of correlation was found in both sexes between fasting glycerides and the insulin area.Obesity, as defined by three interrelated factorsponderal index, triceps fat-fold thickness, and arm girth -was significantly correlated with the insulin area (the association being stronger in the men) and with the blood sugar area only in men.The fasting cholesterol level was correlated with obesity in both sexes but with the blood sugar area and the insulin area only in men.

1. Double-tracer studies have been carried out in order to investigate the validity of a whole-gut perfusion technique for the measurement of gut lumen-to-plasma and plasma-to-gut lumen sodium fluxes in man.2. The use of two tracers permits differentiation between the unabsorbed orally administered sodium in the stools and the sodium which has been absorbed and resecreted. The latter is by no means negligible and may amount to some 30% of the recovered material.3. The available data do not permit the calculation of the absolute values of the bidirectional fluxes without the introduction of some assumption concerning the reabsorption of the sodium which crosses from the plasma to the gut lumen. It is assumed here that this sodium is absorbed by the gut to the same extent as the orally administered material. Analysis of the kinetics of sodium transfer from mouth to stool direct and via the blood plasma in normal subjects and patients with diarrhoea provided experimental evidence confirming the correctness of this assumption.4. In eleven normal volunteers the gut lumen-to-plasma flow of sodium averaged 13.0 mmol min-l, implying that the observed absorption averaging 1.65 mmol min-l represents a relatively small imbalance between the bidirectional fluxes. Although one patient with post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome had high fluxes and another with malabsorption following gut resection gave low values, it is suggested that changes in the fluxes in the same patient are more significant than isolated observations on individuals.5. Granted the validity of the primary assumption, a considerably simpler technique may be used for clinical and field studies which is sufficiently accurate for most purposes and employs a single tracer.

. (1973). Archives of Disease in Childhood, 48, 279. Interrelations of plasma calcium, inorganic phosphate, magnesium, and protein over the first week of life. Plasma levels of calcium, magnesium, phosphate, and protein were measured on the first day of life (cord blood) and at the age of 1 week, in infants fed on breast milk or on one of three cow's milk preparations.The plasma calcium fell in all patients over the first 24 hours. Breast-fed infants, in all but three instances, showed a rise of calcium in the following 5 to 7 days. There was no mean change in calcium concentration for the other feeds over this period, and about a third of these infants showed a fall: in 9 % to below 7-5 mg/ 100 ml.There was a positive correlation between concentrations of calcium and magnesium in the plasma, but an inverse relation between those of calcium and phosphate, at 1 week of age. The concentration of calcium at 1 week of age was related to that of the first day, which in turn was related to that in cord blood. The changes in calcium observed between the age of 1 day and 1 week were inversely related to changes in the plasma phosphate. A direct correlation was also found between changes in calcium and changes in magnesium concentration. All groups of infants showed an increase in plasma phosphate over the first day of life and a further increase by 1 week of age. This rise, however, was significantly smaller in breast-fed infants than in those receiving cow's milk, probably due to the much higher phosphate content of the latter. The hypocalcaemia which occurs at 1 week of life in some infants receiving cow's milk may be due to an inability of the neonatal kidney to dispose of the excessive phosphate loads in these feeds.Convulsions associated with a low plasma calcium concentration were observed in 13 newborn infants over a period of 4 months. All 13 had been fed with an evaporated milk formula at a 1 in 3 dilution. This was the only artificial feed used in the nursery at that time. Examination of the food intake, the rate of weight gain, and the perinatal history failed to reveal a difference between the 13 who convulsed and the large number who did not do so.The purpose of the present study was two-fold. The first part was a cross-sectional study to establish normal values of plasma calcium, inorganic phosphate, total proteins, and magnesium for infants fed on 4 separate milk feeding regimens.

An analysis of 702 blood sugar levels during glucose tolerance tests shows that the site of blood sampling influences the blood sugar result. Capillary blood taken from the warm ear lobe gives an accurate reflection of the arterial blood sugar level. Compared to the arterial level the venous blood sugar level is unpredictable and differs from the arterial to a varying extent, e.g., from +26 mg. per 100 ml. to -4 mg. per 100 ml. at two hours in the glucose tolerance test depending on many factors.Studies of the macromethod in the AutoAnalyzer indicate that although the reproducibility is good, the volume of blood pumped by the proportioning pump is inaccurate (too small). Analysis of the micromethod shows that the reproducibility is also good, though not quite so good as the macromethod. However, the sample volume taken for analysis by the proportioning pump is accurate.Reasons are given for recommending that capillary, not venous, blood be taken, and that the ferricyanide-reducing micromethod on the AutoAnalyzer be used for blood glucose estimation. DIABETES 16: 219-26, April, 1967. This paper is concerned with the accuracy of blood sugar estimations and the variations between the arterial, capillary and venous blood sugar levels in various types of subjects. DEFINITIONS Subjects Nondiabetics: Arterial blood sugar less than 140 mg. per 100 mL two hours after 50 gm. glucose by mouth.Borderline diabetics: Arterial blood sugar 140 to 200 mg. per 100 ml. two hours after 50 gm. glucose.Diabetics: Arterial blood sugar greater than 200 mg. per 100 mL two hours after 50 gm. glucose. Measurement of obesitySkinfold thickness measured (in ' triplicate) with skinfold calipers in the midtriceps region for women,

No abstract

1. Porcine insulin (0.1 i.u./kg) was injected intravenously into diabetic and nondiabetic subjects.2. In each group insulin produced a fall in blood glucose within 5 min which was exponential and which continued until approx. 99% of the insulin had left the plasma.3. In the diabetic subjects both the insulin values and blood glucose fell more slowly than in the controls, when expressed as a proportion of the fasting value. However, both insulin and glucose continued to fall for a longer period, with the result that there was a total fall of blood glucose of 67% in the diabetics and 70% in the non-diabetics. Though in absolute terms considerably more glucose disappeared in diabetics than in the normal subjects, this could be related to the higher initial glucose concentrations in the former.4. It is suggested that not only does insulin act very rapidly, but it is also rapidly inactivated.It has previously been shown that in non-diabetic children intravenously administered insulin has a very rapid effect on blood glucose, and glucose concentrations fall exponentially to reach a nadir between 20 and 25 min, by which time almost all of the administered insulin has left the circulation (Stimmler, Mashiter, Boucher 8c Meadow, 1969). The aim of the present study was to extend these observations to diabetic children and normal and diabetic adults. METHODSBlood glucose was measured in an auto-analyser by using the glucose oxidase method (Wincey 8c Marks, 1961). Radioimmunoassayable insulin concentrations were determined by the double-antibody technique described by Morgan & Lazarow (1963).