Semantic technologies promise to solve many challenging problems of the present Web applications. As they achieve a feasible level of maturity, they become increasingly accepted in various business settings at enterprise level. By contrast, their usability in open environments such as the Webwith respect to issues such as scalability, dynamism and openness-still requires additional investigation. In particular, Semantic Web services have inherited the Web service communication model, which is primarily based on synchronous message exchange technology such as remote procedure call (RPC), thus being incompatible with the REST (REpresentational State Transfer) architectural model of the Web. Recent advances in the field of middleware propose 'semantic tuplespace computing' as an instrument for coping with this situation. Arguing that truly Webcompliant Web service communication should be based, analogously to the conventional Web, on shared access to persistently published data instead of message passing, space-based middleware introduces a coordination infrastructure by means of which services can exchange information in a time-and reference-decoupled manner. In this article, we introduce the most important approaches in this newly emerging field. Our objective is to analyze and compare the solutions proposed so far, thus giving an account of the current state-of-the-art, and identifying new directions of research and development.
We examined patterns of abundance, age and spawning date distributions of Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus larvae immigrating during two seasons through three North Carolina inlets—Oregon, Ocracoke and Beaufort—to elucidate their spawning and transport dynamics. These patterns were examined in conjunction with corresponding predictions from a three‐dimensional, wind‐and tide‐driven hydrodynamic model. Larvae immigrating through different inlets showed consistent similarities as well as marked differences in temporal patterns of abundance, spawning dates and transport times. Intraseasonal patterns in abundance and spawning date distributions among inlets suggest that, in both study years, the spatio‐temporal dynamics of menhaden immigration were driven by large‐scale patterns along the Atlantic coast, rather than by localized variation in spawning activity. Interannual differences in the temporal patterns of spawning dates and larval immigration indicate interannual differences in transport dynamics and/or the spatial‐temporal distribution of spawning. When the spawning locations predicted by the hydrodynamic model are interpreted in conjunction with advanced very high resolution radiometer sea‐surface temperature information, the results are consistent with the limited historical information available on spatio‐temporal distribution of Atlantic menhaden eggs and larvae. The transport model also predicted distributions of arrival times for immigrating larvae that were comparable in range and variability with observed patterns. Our use of data from immigrating larvae, coupled with a hydrodynamic transport model and sea‐surface temperatures, allowed us to uncover relationships between spatio‐temporal patterns of Atlantic menhaden spawning and transport dynamics that could not have been identified by either approach alone.
Abstract. This paper presents a framework for the reuse and extension of existing, established vocabularies in the Semantic Web. Driven by the primary application of expert finding, we will explore the reuse of vocabularies that have attracted a considerable user community already (FOAF, SIOC, etc.) or are derived from de facto standards used in tools or industrial practice (such as vCard, iCal and Dublin Core). This focus guarantees direct applicability and low entry barriers, unlike when devising a new ontology from scratch. The Web is already populated with several vocabularies which complement each other (but also have considerable overlap) in that they cover a wide range of necessary features to adequately describe the expert finding domain. Little effort has been made so far to identify and compare existing approaches, and to devise best practices on how to use and extend various vocabularies conjointly. It is the goal of the recently started ExpertFinder initiative to fill this gap. In this paper we present the ExpertFinder framework for reuse and extension of existing vocabularies in the Semantic Web. We provide a practical analysis of overlaps and options for combined use and extensions of several existing vocabularies, as well as a proposal for applying rules and other enabling technologies to the expert finding task.
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