In pre- and post-training, the participants completed a one-handed ball-catching task and the Useful Field of View (UFOV) and the Motion in Depth Sensitivity (MIDS) tests. Since the CSR condition used in the present study has been shown to have no effect on catching performance, it was predicted that the VSR group would show significantly greater improvement pre-post-training. There were no significant differences between the CSR and VSR on any of the tests. However, changes in catching performance (total balls caught) pre-post-training were significantly correlated with changes in scores for the UFOV single-task and MIDS tests. That is, regardless of group, participants whose perceptual-cognitive performance improved in the post-test were significantly more likely to improve their catching performance. This suggests that the perceptual changes observed in previous stroboscopic training studies may be linked to changes in sports skill performance.
). The present pilot study is novel in SVT research in its inclusion of qualitative data collection methods and its use of participants. Three elite, youth football goalkeepers (EG) took part in a 7-week SVT programme, and their performance on 10 measures of visual and perceptual skills was compared with three matched control participants (CG). Individual, semistructured interviews were also conducted with the EG participants prior to the post-test. In general, there were no differences in the changes from pre-test to post-test and retention test between EG and CG participants in 9 of the 10 measures. EG participants did, however, show consistent improvements in visual response time at post-test and retention test, whilst the CG participants did not. Thematic analysis of the interview data identified three themes: (1) the belief that SVT improved visual and perceptual skills, notably Breactions^, Bjudgement^, and Bfocus^, (2) the belief that SVT improved on-field goalkeeping performance, and (3) that SVT was both effortful and enjoyable. The present study provides preliminary work with implications for coaching in football goalkeeping and should be expanded with future studies that utilise larger samples and measures of motor/sporting performance.
Tests of 3D motion perception are the best predictor of EB, while DVA velocity susceptibility is the best predictor of hazard perception. Motion perception training appears to result in faster braking responses.
1Objectives: To develop Moral Disengagement (MD) and Self-Regulatory Efficacy (SRE) 2 instruments relevant to doping in sport and exercise and provide evidence for their validity and 3 reliability.
4Design: Cross-sectional, correlational 5 Methods: Data were collected from male and female team-and individual-sport athletes and 6 corporate-and hardcore-gym exercisers. Two samples (n sample 1 = 318; n sample 2 = 300) were 7 utilized in instrument development and score validation and another (n sample 3 = 101) in 8 examining test-retest reliability. Samples 1 and 2 responded to the newly developed items 9 alongside others assessing theoretically-related variables, whereas Sample 3 completed the new 10 instruments on two separate occasions.
11Results: Factor analyses identified the final items and dimensional structures for the Doping
12Moral Disengagement Scale (DMDS), Doping Moral Disengagement Scale-Short (DMDS-S) 13 and Doping Self-Regulatory Efficacy Scale (DSRES). The DMDS has six lower-and one higher-14 order factor, whereas the DMDS-S and DSRES are unidimensional. These structures were 15 invariant by sex and sport/exercise context. Evidence supporting external validity and test-retest 16 reliability was also provided. rates are difficult to obtain, the estimated prevalence of doping in athletes ranges between 5 and 7 31% (Momaya, Fawal, & Estes, 2015). An important aim for researchers investigating doping is 8 to identify and understand psychosocial factors that influence the likelihood of athletes and 9 exercisers using PIED (i.e., doping). To conduct such research instruments assessing key 10 variables with scores shown to be reliable and valid are required. Accordingly, we sought to 11 develop and validate scores for psychometric instruments assessing two psychological variables 12 relevant to doping.
13The theoretical framework for the current work was Bandura's (1991) social cognitive 14 theory of moral thought and action. Bandura proposed that harmful activities -such as doping - which sport and exercise participants use these six mechanisms, supporting the potential benefits 12 of developing a single measure of doping MD appropriate for use in both contexts.
13The first of these six mechanisms -moral justification -occurs when harmful activities 14 are made personally and socially acceptable by portraying how they achieve commendable social conducted with Italian high-school students, a significant proportion of whom (43.0 -45.2%) did 7 not partake in any extracurricular sport. As such these findings may not extend to participants 8 from all sport and exercise contexts, including those in which prevalence rates for doping are 9 likely to be much higher.
10Another variable from Bandura's (1991) theory that has been empirically linked with scores obtained with these instruments. One concern relates to the item-development process.
21Specifically, items were developed based on interviews with 35 high-school students who played 22 sport. However, no information was provided as to whether an...
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