Peptaibiotics are nonribosomally biosynthesized peptides, which - according to definition - contain the marker amino acid α-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) and possess antibiotic properties. Being known since 1958, a constantly increasing number of peptaibiotics have been described and investigated with a particular emphasis on hypocrealean fungi. Starting from the existing online 'Peptaibol Database', first published in 1997, an exhaustive literature survey of all known peptaibiotics was carried out and resulted in a list of 1043 peptaibiotics. The gathered information was compiled and used to create the new 'The Comprehensive Peptaibiotics Database', which is presented here. The database was devised as a software tool based on Microsoft (MS) Access. It is freely available from the internet at http://peptaibiotics-database.boku.ac.at and can easily be installed and operated on any computer offering a Windows XP/7 environment. It provides useful information on characteristic properties of the peptaibiotics included such as peptide category, group name of the microheterogeneous mixture to which the peptide belongs, amino acid sequence, sequence length, producing fungus, peptide subfamily, molecular formula, and monoisotopic mass. All these characteristics can be used and combined for automated search within the database, which makes The Comprehensive Peptaibiotics Database a versatile tool for the retrieval of valuable information about peptaibiotics. Sequence data have been considered as to December 14, 2012.
The establishment of a sustainable circular bioeconomy requires the effective material recycling from biomass and biowaste beyond composting/fertilizer or anaerobic digestion/bioenergy. Recently, volatile fatty acids attracted much attention due to their potential application as carbon source for the microbial production of high added-value products. Their low-cost production from different types of wastes through dark fermentation is a key aspect, which will potentially lead to the sustainable production of fuels, materials or chemicals, while diminishing the waste volume. This article reviews the utilization of a volatile fatty acid platform for the microbial production of polyhydroxyalkanoates, single cell oil and omega-3 fatty acids, giving emphasis on the fermentation challenges for the efficient implementation of the bioprocess and how they were addressed. These challenges were addressed through a research project funded by the European Commission under the Horizon 2020 programme entitled ‘VOLATILE—Biowaste derived volatile fatty acid platform for biopolymers, bioactive compounds and chemical building blocks’.
Volatile fatty acids can be used as a cheap carbon source for biotechnological lipid production with oleaginous yeasts, but one factor limiting their large-scale use is their inherent cytotoxicity. Developing a suitable cultivation strategy can help mitigate the adverse effect volatile fatty acids have, since these effects are strongly dependent on concentration and pH. This work shows that, by employing a pH-stat fed-batch approach for the cultivation of Apiotrichum brassicae V134 and Pichia kudriavzevii V194, lipid contents above 56 g/100 g dry cell weight and dry cell weight concentrations above 30 g/L can be reached. Furthermore, volumetric lipid productivities up to 0.29 g/Lh could be achieved using acetic and propionic acid as a sole carbon source. It was also demonstrated that the developed process is robust and scalable. Scale-up to the 500 L scale resulted in a similar lipid yield, dry cell weight (31–37 g/L), and single cell oil content (56 g/100 g dry cell weight–58 g/100 g dry cell weight). The main fatty acid present in the produced lipids was oleic acid (36–43%), but also odd-numbered fatty acids, especially heptadecanoic acid (7–15%), were present. Additionally, different methods for the pretreatment of biomass prior to lipid extraction were assessed, and the iodine value (48), peroxide value (7.3), and acid value (4.3) of the extracted single cell oil were determined.
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