This study compared the quality of life, sleep quality, eating attitudes, and psychological aspects among adults (22.93 ± 2.58 years), whether physically inactive or not, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants were enrolled into: home-based exercise during the confinement (HBE group, n = 34), physically inactive during (PIDC group, n = 28), and before the confinement (PIBC group, n = 27). The depression, anxiety, and stress scale - Short Form, the Pittsburgh sleep quality index, the Eating Attitudes Test, and the quality of life questionnaire were used to assess variables. The covariance analysis (covariable - gender) was used to compare variables among the groups. The effect size was calculated by Cohen "d" (ESd). The HBE group presented a better quality of life compared to both PIDC (p = 0.002, ESd = 1.26) and PIBC (p = 0.008, ESd = 1.00) groups. Anxiety (p = 0.004, ESd = 0.96), depression (p = 0.02, ESd = 0.65) and stress (p = 0.02, ESd = 0.72) were significantly higher in the PIDC group when compared to HBE group. Self-reported sleep quality was better in the HBE group than in both other groups (p < 0.05). No group presented eating disorder symptoms; however, the HBE group has shown higher scores compared to both PIBC group (p = 0.01). In conclusion, adults who had exercised at home during the COVID-19 pandemic presented better quality of life, self-reported sleep quality, and reduced anxiety, depression, and stress levels than those physically inactive ones before and during the pandemic.

Introduction The Relative Age Effect (RAE) refers to the chronological age difference that occurs between athletes of the same age category, which can benefit individuals born in the first two quartiles of the year. This phenomenon is commonly studied in team sports, yet the results are still inconsistent, especially in volleyball. Objective This study analyzed the distribution of the number of births per quartile of Olympic volleyball athletes and whether this would influence anthropometric/motor variables and technical elements. Methods The sample consisted of 116 male athletes who scored during the Rio 2016 Olympics. For data analysis, we identified each athlete’s quartile as well as data on height, attack and defensive (or block) range, and respective scores during the games. The Chi-square test was then used to verify interquartile distribution. To assess the normality of the other variables, we conducted the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Once accepted, one-way ANOVA was performed with the Bonferroni post-hoc test to verify significance between quartiles. A significance level of p≤0.05 was adopted. Results There was no significant difference in the distribution of athletes between quartiles (p = 0.74). When comparing the other variables in terms of the athletes’ trimester of birth, we did not observe any significant difference between height (p = 0.79), attack (p=0.59) and defensive range (p=0.07), and in the scores for serving, attacking and blocking between quartiles either. Conclusion The Relative Age Effect was not observed in Olympic volleyball athletes, therefore this phenomenon is not related to the athletes’ performance. This shows that other possible variables may influence the development of these athletes, discarding the relative age phenomenon. Level of Evidence III; Retrospective and Comparative Study.

Introduction. During the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak, social media exposure and the use of electronic devices have increased; still, these behaviors may cause adverse health effects. Objective. This study assessed sleep quality, insomnia, mood, and psychological aspects among physically (n = 46) and non-physically (n = 53) active individuals during self-isolation throughout the COVID-19 pandemic and examined their association with smartphone addiction. Method. A cross-sectional study was conducted among adult Brazilian citizens in self-isolation for at least 60 days; ninety-nine volunteers from different Brazilian regions were enrolled in the online survey. The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-Short Form, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Insomnia Severity Index, the Brunel Mood Scale, and the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version were used to assess the study outcomes. Results. The results indicate moderate and large correlations of smartphone addiction with mood subscales, insomnia (r = .52), anxiety (r = .49), depression (r = .49), and stress (r = .49) symptoms. Also, it was observed that physically active participants were less addicted to smartphones than the non-physically active during self-isolation (p

RESUMOA influência da sub-disciplina natação sobre o subsequente desempenho ciclismo/corrida parece aumentar com a redução da distância do triathlon. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar o efeito da natação sobre o desempenho do ciclismo e corrida no triathlon super-sprint. Oito triatletas amadores realizaram um teste de triathlon super-sprint, consistindo em nadar 375 m, pedalar 10 km e correr 2,5 km (Tri) e outro no qual deveriam apenas pedalar 10 km e correr 2,5 km (PC). A realização da sub-disciplina natação impactou de forma negativa o subsequente desempenho do ciclismo (-8,4%) e o tempo total (ciclismo + corrida; -5,4%) quando comparados à realização das mesmas sem a presença prévia da natação. Com exceção da corrida no protocolo PC, todas as sub-disciplinas apresentaram significativas correlações com o tempo total (r ≥ 0,84) para ambos os protocolos. Em conclusão, a realização da sub-disciplina natação afeta negativamente o desempenho do pedal e do tempo total (pedal + corrida) durante o triathlon super-sprint. Palavras-chave:Triathlon. Efeito Residual.

Resumo. É comum em diversas modalidades esportivas os praticantes incluírem rotinas de alongamento e corrida submáxima como forma de aquecimento antes dos treinos e competições. No entanto, não existe um consenso sobre a influência destes protocolos no desempenho de jogadores universitários de voleibol. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o efeito da corrida submáxima (CS) e do alongamento estático passivo (AEP) no desempenho de atletas universitários de voleibol durante testes de Salto Contramovimento (SCM) e Sprint de 10 metros. Treze atletas do sexo masculino foram convidados a executarem dois testes funcionais (SCM e sprint de 10 metros), de forma aleatória, em três condições diferentes: 1) condição controle (CC), 2) após o AEP, e 3) após uma CS. O desempenho do SCM e Sprint foram obtidos através de aplicativos de smartphone. A condição CS apresentou um desempenho significativamente melhor do SCM em comparação com AEP (p = 0.01). Entretanto, não houve diferença entre as condições experimentais e controle (p > 0.05). Além disso, nenhuma diferença significativa no tempo e velocidade do sprint de 10m foram observadas entre as condições examinadas (p = 0.7 e p = 0.6, respectivamente). Podemos concluir que a corrida submáxima parece ser melhor do que os AEP para melhorar o desempenho de atletas universitários de voleibol.  Resumen. Es común en diversas modalidades deportivas que los practicantes incluyan rutinas de estiramiento y carrera como forma de calentamiento antes de los entrenamientos y competiciones. Sin embargo, no hay consenso sobre la influencia de estos protocolos en el desempeño de los jugadores universitarios de voleibol. El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar el efecto de la carrera sub máxima (CSM) y del estiramiento estático pasivo (EEP) en el desempeño de atletas universitarios de voleibol durante pruebas de Salto Contramovimiento (SCM) y sprint de 10 metros. Trece atletas masculinos fueron invitados a realizar dos pruebas funcionales (SCM y sprint de 10 metros), de forma aleatoria, en tres condiciones diferentes: 1) condición control (CC), 2) después de AEP, y 3) después de una CSM. El rendimiento de SCM y Sprint se ha obtenido a través de aplicaciones de smartphone. La condición CSM presentó un rendimiento significativamente mejor del SCM en comparación con EEP (p = 0.01). Sin embargo, no hubo diferencia entre las condiciones experimentales y control (p > 0.05). Además, no se observó ninguna diferencia significativa en el tiempo y la velocidad del sprint de 10 m entre las condiciones examinadas (p = 0.7 y p = 0.6, respectivamente). Podemos concluir que la carrera sub máxima parece ser mejor que el estiramiento estático para mejorar el desempeño de los atletas universitarios de voleibol.  Abstract. It is common in many sports for participants to include stretching and submaximal running as a way of warming-up before training sessions and competitions. However, there is no confirmation of their influence on the performance of varsity volleyball players. This study aimed to verify the effect of Submaximal Running (SR) and Passive Static Stretching (PSS) on the performance of college volleyball athletes during Contra Movement Jump (CMJ) and 10-meter sprint tests. Thirteen male athletes were randomly invited to perform two functional tests (CMJ and 10-meter sprint) under three different conditions: 1) control condition (CC), 2) after PSS, and 3) after an SR. Performance at CMJ and 10-meter sprint were assessed through smartphone applications. SR-subjected individuals presented a significantly better performance at CMJ test when compared to PSS (p = 0.01). However, there was no difference between the experimental and control conditions (p > 0.05). In addition, there was no significant difference in sprint time and speed at the 10-meter sprint test between the analyzed conditions (p = 0.7 and p = 0.6, respectively). We can conclude that submaximal running can be better than static stretching to improve the performance of college volleyball athletes.

Increasing age is associated with significant changes in athletes' performance; however, it is not yet known how increasing age could influence the performance of triathletes. In this sense, the present study aimed to investigate how the performance of two elite triathletes (HCK and AD), who participated and finished the Olympic Games in Sydney, Athens, Beijing, and London, could change over the years. Methods: This study reports two cases (male and female) with cross-sectional and retrospective characteristics that describe how the increasing age changes the performance of two elite triathletes who participated in four consecutive Olympics (2000, 2004, 2008, and 2012). Pearson correlation test was used to verify the correlation between the performance and age of the triathletes. A value of p < 0.05 was assumed to show statistical significance. Results: The results suggest that both triathletes showed impaired performance at the Summer Games in Athens in 2004. When the two athletes were analyzed together, positive correlations were observed between age and transition 1 (T1; swim-to-cycle) and transition 2 (T2; cycle-to-run). Also, a high correlation was found between T2 and age for HCK but not for AD. The results showed a significant correlation between increasing age and a reduction in running performance for HCK. Conclusion: Although the two triathletes improved overall time throughout the Olympic Games, this improvement did not correlate with age. Thus, the increasing age does not seem to impact these two athletes during the four Olympic events.

Introduction. The literature presents few findings on the relationship between sleep quality and eating disorders indicators, especially in women fighters. Objective. To compare the sleep quality among women who practice BJJ due to risk behaviors in eating disorders. Method. Twenty-six women who practice Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) participated in this study. After completing the Free and Informed Consent Form, the participants answered the instruments separately (Eating Attitudes Test and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index). Data were analysed using the unpaired T-test and Pearson’s linear correlation. Results. Twenty-six women who practice BJJ participated in the study. The first group had non-prevalence of eating disorders indicators (n = 14) while the second group had prevalence (n = 12). There was no correlation between sleep quality and eating disorders indicators in none of the groups. Similary, there was no statistical difference between the sleep quality of the two groups; however, both groups were poor sleepers. Discussion and conclusion. Findings suggest that the prevalence of eating disorders indicators is high in women who practice BJJ, however, we did find a significant correlation between eating disorder indicators and sleep quality. Thus, as this is a nascent topic, further research is needed to better clarify this phenomenon.

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