Smartphone addiction is associated with symptoms of anxiety, depression, stress, tension, confusion, and insomnia: A cross-sectional and comparative study with physically and non-physically active adults in self-isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic

Abstract

Introduction. During the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak, social media exposure and the use of electronic devices have increased; still, these behaviors may cause adverse health effects. Objective. This study assessed sleep quality, insomnia, mood, and psychological aspects among physically (n = 46) and non-physically (n = 53) active individuals during self-isolation throughout the COVID-19 pandemic and examined their association with smartphone addiction. Method. A cross-sectional study was conducted among adult Brazilian citizens in self-isolation for at least 60 days; ninety-nine volunteers from different Brazilian regions were enrolled in the online survey. The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-Short Form, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Insomnia Severity Index, the Brunel Mood Scale, and the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version were used to assess the study outcomes. Results. The results indicate moderate and large correlations of smartphone addiction with mood subscales, insomnia (r = .52), anxiety (r = .49), depression (r = .49), and stress (r = .49) symptoms. Also, it was observed that physically active participants were less addicted to smartphones than the non-physically active during self-isolation (p

The mediating role of sleep quality in the relationship between orthorexia nervosa and fear of COVID-19

“…In another striking study on the subject, smartphone addiction increased during the pandemic period, which resulted in a decrease in the production of melatonin, which is considered an important hormone for the biological regulation of sleep, by smartphone light emitting short wavelengths. The study also found a significant correlation between insomnia severity indices 10 . Xiao et al 60 observed that as individuals became more socialized during the period of pandemic isolation, they slept better and became less stressed and anxious.…”

Subjective sleep alterations in healthy subjects worldwide during COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression

“…The type of population was categorized as follow: adolescents (6 studies) [ 71 , 81 , 87 , 92 , 108 , 138 ], children (1 study) [38], general population (66 studies) [ 40 , 42 , 43 , 46 , 48 , 49 ], [ [51] , [52] , [53] , [54] , [55] , [56] , [57] , 59 , 60 , [64] , [65] , [66] ], [ [68] , [69] , [70] , 72 , 73 , 76 , [78] , [79] , [80] ], [ [82] , [83] , [84] , [85] , 88 , 89 , 101 , 103 ], [ 104 , 109 , 110 , 113 , 117 , 120 , 121 ], [ 123 , 128 , 129 , 131 , 134 , 135 , 137 ], [ 139 , [141] , [142] , [143] , [144] , [145] , 147 , [150] , [151] , [152] ], [ 154 <...…”