RESUMO -A avaliação correta do valor nutricional da forragem passa obrigatoriamente por emprego de metodologias adequadas. A qualidade da forragem depende dos produtos da fermentação, no caso da silagem, ou da magnitude das perdas de compostos solúveis e atuação de microrganismos no caso do feno. A abordagem do tema:Avanços metodológicos na avaliação da qualidade da forragem conservada, na 44 a Reunião Anual da Sociedade Brasileira de Zootecnia, tem como objetivo destacar as principais metodologias empregadas na avaliação específica de forragens conservadas, adicionais às avaliações tradicionais de composição químico-bromatológica desses volumosos, e colocar em discussão a necessidade de padronização de procedimentos analíticos. Assim, a revisão prioriza a descrição e sistematização de métodos físicos e químicos importantes para serem implementados na avaliação de forragens conservadas, na tentativa de homogeneizar tais procedimentos. Os recursos metodológicos disponíveis atualmente permitem não somente quantificar, mas também qualificar perdas ocorridas no processo de conservação, exposição aeróbia e oferta dos volumosos aos animais. Esse fato sugere que a adoção de estratégias de manejo dessas forragens deverá, preferencialmente, ser acompanhada de avaliação de perdas integradas no processo. Palavras-chave: análises físicas, ensilagem, fenação, microrganismos, perdas Methodological advances in evaluation of preserved forage quality ABSTRACT -The suitable evaluation of nutritional value of forages depends on the adoption of appropriate methodologies. Forage quality is highly dependent of fermentation products, in case of silage, and the losses of soluble compounds and microorganisms activity in the case of hay. The theme "Methodological advances in evaluation of preserved forage quality" at the 44 th Annual Meeting of Brazilian Society of Animal Science has as main goals to highlight the more useful and particular methodological procedures for conserved forages and additional to the standard chemical analysis.. Analytical procedures for preserved forage should suffer a standardization to permit comparisons of results obtained by the world wide laboratories. This review brings to discussion the description and systematization of important physical and chemical methods to be implemented in preserved forage evaluation. The methodologicalprocedures available permit not only quantify, but also permit qualify the losses occurred during preservation process and across the aerobic exposition of the roughage source during feed out. It suggests that the adoption of any management strategies for conserved forages may depend on an evaluation accordingly fit to the losses observed in the overall process.
Sugar cane silages are characterized by extensive yeast activity, alcohol production and great dry matter -DM -losses. Better knowledge of the fermentation process is fundamental to the development of efficient ensilage techniques for this forage. This study evaluates temporal changes in chemical composition, DM losses and epiphytic microflora in sugar cane silage. Mature sugar cane, variety RB835486 (12 months of vegetative growth), was hand harvested, processed in a stationary chopper and ensiled in 20-L plastic buckets provided with valves for gas release and a device for effluent collection. Laboratory silos were kept at ambient temperature and sampled after ½, 1, 2, 3, 7, 15, 45, 90, 120 and 180 days. Ethanol concentration reached 6.4% in DM after 15 days of ensilage, followed by 71% water soluble carbohydrates -WSCs -disappearance. Gas and total DM losses reached a plateau on day 45 (16% and 29% of DM, respectively). Yeast count was higher on the second day (5.05 log cfu g -1 ). Silage pH declined to below 4.0 on the third day. Effluent yield was negligible (20 kg t -1 ). DM content in the forage decreased (35% to 26%) from day 0 to day 45. The increase in ethanol concentration showed an opposite trend to WSCs and true in vitro dry matter digestibility reductions in the silage. Developing methods to control yeasts, most probably through the use of additives, will enable more efficient production of sugar cane silage by farmers. Key words: ethanol, water soluble carbohydrates, losses, yeasts, bacteria DINÂMICA DA FERMENTAÇÃO E DA MICROFLORA EPÍFITA EM SILAGEM DE CANA-DE-AÇÚCARRESUMO: Silagens de cana-de-açúcar caracterizam-se pela extensa atividade de leveduras, alto teor de álcool e grandes perdas de matéria seca -MS. Conhecer melhor o processo fermentativo é fundamental para o desenvolvimento de técnicas eficientes de ensilagem da cana. Este trabalho avalia a mudança temporal na composição química, nas perdas de MS e na microflora epífita nestas silagens. Cana-de-açúcar (RB835486) foi colhida manualmente (12 meses de crescimento), picada em picadora estacionária e ensilada em baldes de plástico de 20 L com válvulas para gases e aparato para colheita de efluentes. Os silos laboratoriais foram mantidos sob temperatura ambiente e amostrados após ½, 1, 2, 3, 7, 15, 45, 90, 120 e 180 dias. Etanol atingiu 6,4% na MS no 15 o dia após ensilagem, seguido pelo desaparecimento de 71% dos carboidratos solúveis -CHOs. As perdas gasosas e a perda total de MS estabilizaram-se após 45 dias (16% e 29% da MS). A contagem de leveduras foi máxima no segundo dia (5,05 log ufc g -1 ). O pH atingiu nível abaixo de 4,0 no terceiro dia. A produção de efluentes foi insignificante (20,1 kg t -1 ). O teor de MS da forragem decresceu (35% para 26%) do dia 0 ao 45 o dia. O padrão de variação na concentração de etanol foi inverso à concentração de CHOs e à redução da digestibilidade da silagem. O desenvolvimento de métodos de controle das leveduras, provavelmente com o uso de aditivos, melhorará a eficiência no uso de silagen...
Silage making can be conveniently divided into field, ensiling, storage, and feed-out phases. In all of these stages, controllable and uncontrollable components can affect silage quality. For instance, silages produced in hot or cold regions are strongly influenced by uncontrollable climate-related factors. In hot regions, crops for silage are influenced by (1) high temperatures negatively affecting corn yield (whole-crop and grain) and nutritive value, (2) butyric and alcoholic fermentations in warm-season grasses (Panicum, Brachiaria, and Pennisetum genera) and sugarcane, respectively, and (3) accelerated aerobic deterioration of silages. Ensiling expertise and economic factors that limit mechanization also impair silage production and utilization in hot environments. In cold regions, a short and cool growing season often limits the use of crops sensitive to cool temperature, such as corn. The fermentation triggered by epiphytic and inoculated microorganisms can also be functionally impaired at lower temperature. Although the use of silage inoculants has increased in Northern Europe, acid-based additives are still a good option in difficult weather conditions to ensure good fermentation quality, nutritive value, and high intake potential of silages. Acid-based additives have enhanced the quality of round bale silage, which has become a common method of forage preservation in Northern Europe. Although all abiotic factors can affect silage quality, the ambient temperature is a factor that influences all stages of silage making from production in the field to utilization at the feed bunk. This review identifies challenges and obstacles to producing silages under hot and cold conditions and discusses strategies for addressing these challenges.
RESUMO -Objetivou-se avaliar a eficácia de aditivos químicos e inoculantes bacterianos na inibição da produção de etanol, na diminuição das perdas de MS e na melhoria da digestibilidade in vitro de silagens de cana-de-açúcar. Foram testados os seguintes tratamentos (doses com base na matéria natural): sem aditivos -controle; UR -uréia (0,5; 1,0; 1,5%); NaOH -hidróxido de sódio (1,0; 2,0; 3,0%); PROP -propionato de cálcio (0,05; 0,1; 0,2%); BENZ -benzoato de sódio (0,05; 0,1; 0,2%); SORB -sorbato de potássio (0,015; 0,03; 0,045%); PLA -Lactobacillus plantarum (1 x 10 6 ufc/g); BUCH -Lactobacillus buchneri (3,64 x 10 5 ufc/g); PLA/UR 0,5% -L. plantarum combinado com 0,5% de uréia; PLA/UR 1,0% -L. plantarum combinado com 1,0% de uréia. A ensilagem foi realizada em baldes plásticos de 20 L adaptados com válvulas para eliminação de gases e dispositivo para coleta de efluentes. Os dados foram coletados aos 90 e aos 180 dias após a ensilagem. Nenhum dos aditivos foi capaz de reduzir a concentração de etanol nas silagens. Os tratamentos PROP 0,1% e PLA causaram aumento no teor de álcool em relação à silagem controle (4,8 e 12,5% vs 3,8% da MS, respectivamente). Os tratamentos UR, NaOH, SORB-0,03%, BUCH, PLA/UR 0,5% e PLA/UR 1,0% reduziram a perda total de MS. As silagens tratadas com uréia, hidróxido de sódio, benzoato de sódio e sorbato de potássio 0,045% apresentaram maior digestibilidade in vitro da MS em comparação à silagem controle. and 12.5% vs 3.8% in DM, respectively). The treatments UR, NaOH, SORB-0.03%, BUCH, PLA/UR-0.5% and PLA/UR-1.0%reduced total DM losses. Silages treated with UR, NaOH, BENZ and SORB-0,045% had higher in vitro DM digestibility than the control silage.
The objective of this study was to determine the contribution of corn kernel enzymes, bacteria, fungi, and fermentation end-products (main acids and ethanol) to protein solubilization during fermentation of reconstituted corn grain silage. Flint corn kernels were ground (5-mm sieve), rehydrated to 32% of moisture, and treated with no additives (control), gamma irradiation (32 kGy), gamma irradiation + fermentation end-products (1% of lactic acid, 0.3% of acetic acid, and 0.7% of ethanol, as fed), and natamycin (1% as fed). Treated grains were ensiled in nylon-polyethylene bags and stored for 90 d. Protein solubilization was calculated for each treatment and the contributions of proteolytic sources were determined. Bacterial activity was the main contributor to proteolysis (60%) followed by corn kernel enzymes (30%), whereas fungi and fermentation end-products had only minor contributions (∼5% each).
RESUMO -Avaliou-se o efeito da inclusão de aditivos na ensilagem de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.) sobre a composição químico-bromatológica das silagens, o comportamento ingestivo, o consumo voluntário e a digestibilidade em bovinos de corte. Utilizaram-se cinco novilhos da raça Nelore providos de cânula ruminal, alocados em delineamento quadrado latino 5 × 5 e alimentados com dietas com 65% de volumoso na MS. Foram avaliadas cinco silagens (base úmida):controle -cana-de-açúcar sem aditivos; uréia -cana-de-açúcar + 0,5% uréia; benzoato -cana-de-açúcar + 0,1% de benzoato de sódio; LP -cana-de-açúcar inoculada com Lactobacillus plantarum (1 × 10 6 ufc/g MV); LB -cana-de-açúcar inoculada com L. buchneri (3,6 × 10 5 ufc/g forragem). A forragem foi armazenada em silos do tipo poço por 90 dias antes do fornecimento aos animais. A composição químico-bromatológica da cana-de-açúcar foi alterada após a ensilagem, em relação à cana-de-açúcar original, com redução no teor de carboidratos solúveis e na digestibilidade in vitro e elevação relativa nos teores de FDN e FDA. Os teores de etanol (0,30% da MS) e ácidos orgânicos (0,99% de ácido lático e 2,31% de acético)foram baixos e semelhantes entre as silagens. Os aditivos aplicados na ensilagem não promoveram alterações no consumo e na digestibilidade aparente da MS (7,2 kg/dia e 63,6%, respectivamente). O comportamento ingestivo dos animais também não foi alterado, com tempos médios de 230,6; 519,6 e 672,8 minutos/dia despendidos com ingestão de ração, ruminação e ócio, respectivamente. Os aditivos acrescidos à cana-de-açúcar promoveram pequenas alterações na maioria das variáveis avaliadas.Palavras-chave: ácido lático, benzoato de sódio, etanol, Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus plantarum, uréia Chemical and biological additives in the ensiling of sugar cane. 1. Chemical composition, dry matter intake, digestibility and ingestive behavior ABSTRACT -The effect of the addition of additives in the ensiling of sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum L.) on chemical composition of silages, ingestive behavior, voluntary feed intake and digestibility by beef steers. Five rumencannulated Nelore steers were allotted to a 5 x 5 latin square design. The steers were placed in metabolic cages and they were fed with diets with 65% forage (%DM). Five silages were evaluated (wet basis): Control -sugar cane, no additives; Urea -sugar cane + 0.5% of urea; Benzoate -sugar cane + 0.1% of sodium benzoate; LP -sugar cane inoculated with -Lactobacillus plantarum (1 x 10 6 cfu/g forage); LB -sugar cane inoculated with L. buchneri (3.6 x 10 5 cfu/g forage). During 90 days, before the animal feeding, the forage was stocked in vertical silos. The chemical composition of sugar cane changed after the ensiling, as compared to fresh sugar cane, with reduction of water soluble carbohydrates and in vitro digestibility and relative increase in the NDF and ADF content. Ethanol (0.30% DM) and organic acids (0.99% of lactic and 2.31% of acetic acid) contents were low and similar among silages. The ad...
This manuscript brings an overview of the current challenges, advances and opportunities for silage production and utilization in tropical areas, with particular reference to Brazil and South America. Tropical crops have a high production potential during the rainy season; therefore, silage has a central role in feed preservation in the tropics. Use of silage all‐year round is expanding, since a significant number of dairy farmers are moving from grazing to housed systems, and the number of beef cattle finished in feedlots is increasing. Whole‐plant maize silage has been by far the main conserved forage in both dairy and beef operations, whereas the use of grain silages (maize and sorghum) is increasing. Recently, there has been great interest in snaplage (mainly comprised of maize kernels, cob and husk) due to the logistic benefits. Although pull‐type forage harvesters are still common in Brazilian dairies, the majority of beef feedlots use self‐propelled foragers by hiring custom services. Hence, the number of contractors with self‐propelled harvesters has significantly increased. The convenience of a secondary high‐quality forage in diets of dairy cows as well as the opportunity of including forage sources alternative to maize silage in rations for beef cattle warrants the resumption of research on tropical grass silages. Conservation of wet by‐products, environmental aspects of silage making and, especially, silage pathogenicity and food safety are also fields of research opportunity.
RESUMO -O uso de inoculantes microbianos no Brasil vem aumentando nos últimos anos, embora o número de trabalhos ainda seja pequeno quando comparado aos observados no exterior, principalmente no que se refere ao desempenho de animais. Nos estudos com silagens de milho e sorgo os inoculantes avaliados foram compostos exclusivamente de bactérias homofermentativas, que também representaram a maioria das pesquisas em silagens de capins, enquanto que nas silagens de cana-de-açúcar predominou o uso de bactérias heterofermentativas. Em geral, o uso de bactérias homofermentativas apresentou resultados favoráveis apenas para as silagens de milho e capins, traduzidos na maioria das vezes por menores teores de fibra e valor de pH, compensados pelo maior teor de PB. No caso das heterofermentativas foram encontrados bons resultados principalmente para as silagens de cana-de-açúcar, com menor pH e teor de compostos fibrosos em face aos aumentos do teor de carboidratos solúveis, associado à maior recuperação de MS e aumento de estabilidade aeróbia. A associação de bactérias hetero e homofermentativas proporcionou respostas satisfatórias e potencialmente interessantes embora os dados nacionais ainda sejam escassos. Investimentos adicionais na interface forragem:microrganismo poderá permitir exploração de novas perspectivas de aplicação e consolidação das recomendações desses aditivos.Palavras-chave: inoculante, silagem de milho, silagem de sorgo, silagem de cana-de-açúcar, silagem de capim, microganismo Microbial silage additives in Brazil: review of aspects of ensilage and animal performanceABSTRACT -In recent years, the use of microbial inoculants has been increased in Brazil, although the number of trials is still behind the international standards, mainly regarding animal performance data. In corn and sorghum silages studies, homofermentative bacteria represented the exclusive source of inoculants evaluated, which in turn, were also the major inoculant used for tropical grass silages research, whereas in sugar cane silages predominated heterofermentative bacteria. Usually, the application of homofermentative bacteria showed favorable results only for corn and grass silages, based on the lower fiber content and pH values, offset by the higher PB levels. Heterofermentative bacteria were useful mainly for the sugar cane silages, leading to lower pH values and fiber content and increased aerobic stability which promoted higher DM recovery rate and soluble carbohydrate content. The combination of the two groups of bacteria showed positive and potentially interesting results although the national database are still under development. Additional research efforts on the interface forage source:microorganisms might enhance the opportunities, offer new enterprise for the utilization and better establish reliable conditions for recommendation of microbial additives for silage.
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