Apple trees cultivars Gala and Fuji were sprayed four weeks before commercial harvest with aminoethoxyvinilglycine (AVG), at doses of 0, 125, or 250 mg L-1, and assessed for preharvest fruit drop, fruit growth, and maturation on tree. In 'Gala', 64 days after AVG spraying, fruit drop for control treatment was 85%, and AVG (at 125 and 250 mg L-1) reduced it to 10%. In 'Fuji', 64 days after AVG spraying, fruit drop for control was 6%, while treatments with AVG (at 125 and 250 mg L-1) increased fruit drop to 10%. AVG was a powerful retardant of fruit maturation for 'Gala' but not for 'Fuji'. In 'Gala', the most affected attribute was the skin background color, followed, in decreasing order, by soluble solids content, the starch index, skin red color, the flesh firmness, and titratable acidity. In 'Gala', only flesh firmness retention was improved by increasing AVG dose from 125 mg L-1 to 250 mg L-1. The AVG at 250 mg L-1 inhibited "Gala" late fruit growth but not 'Fuji'.

Yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) yield and longevity have been drastically reduced by bacterial spot (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. passiflorae -Xap) and passion fruit woodiness disease (PWD) (Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus -CABMV). This study was aimed at evaluating the reaction of 11 genotypes of yellow passion fruit, based on the reaction of their progenies, to both mechanically inoculated Xap and CABMV, under greenhouse conditions. There was a progressive increase in bacterial spot and PWD severity with time. BRS Gigante Amarelo, MAR20#12, and MAR20#34 were selected as the progenies with lowest bacterial spot severity and disease progress over time. MAR20#2005, EC-L-7, UnB2015-1, and EC-3-0 presented the lowest PWD severity and disease progress over time. These progenies, along with individual plants from other progenies in which disease severity was significantly low until the last evaluation, will be cloned and tested again for Xap and CABMV, including other isolates.

A cama aviária e a casca de pinus (Pinus taeda) são subprodutos de empresas avícolas e florestais que podem ser utilizados na melhoria da fertilidade e das propriedades físicas e químicas do solo. As morangas 'Tetsukabuto' (Cucurbita maxima x C. moschata) e 'Exposição' (Cucurbita maxima) e o pepino 'Caipira' (Cucumis sativus) estão entre as cucurbitáceas mais cultivadas em Santa Catarina. Avaliou-se os efeitos de doses (0 a 50 g.kg-1 de solo) de cama aviária (2,82% N; 2,53% P; 1,2% K; 2,5% Ca; 0,5% Mg) e da casca de pinus (0,30% N; 0,10% P; 0,12% K; 0,21% Ca; 0,03% Mg), incorporadas ao solo, no desenvolvimento de plantas e na produção de moranga e pepino. Os experimentos foram delineados em blocos ao acaso, desenvolvidos em casa de vegetação e no campo, e, dependendo do experimento, possuíam tratamentos variando de quatro a cinco, e, repetições de quatro a oito. Em casa de vegetação, doses de cama aviária de até 30 g kg-1 de solo (correspondendo a ~3 kg m-2) aumentaram as plantas emergentes (~15% a 50%) e a massa da matéria fresca (~90% a 200%) de plantas de moranga 'Exposição' e de pepino 'Caipira'. O pH e os conteúdos de Ca, K, Mg, Mn, N, P e Zn do solo aumentaram com o incremento das doses de cama aviária. O incremento nas doses de casca de pinus diminuiu (~27%) os níveis de nitrogênio mineral do solo. Nos experimentos de campo, a incorporação de cama aviária e casca de pinus aumentou a emergência (~15%) de plântulas de pepino. A produção de frutos de moranga 'Tetsukabuto' e de pepino 'Caipira' aumentou (~120%) nos tratamentos com cama aviária, na dose de 30 g kg-1 (correspondendo a ~ 3 kg m-2).

The control of anthracnose (Colletotrichum simmondsii) during the post-harvest stage in guava fruits (Psidium guajava L.) was performed by the application of phosphites [phosphite-K (40% P2O5 and 30% K2O) and phosphite-Ca (10.7% P2O5, 3.89% Ca, and 0.5% B)] including the Carbendazim as reference, calcium chloride (CaCl2), acetyl salicylic acid (ASA), hot water (HW), and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP). These treatments were applied individually or in combination each other with two or three compounds. The evaluated parameters were diameter of anthracnose lesion (DL), number of lesions (NL), and fruit quality (fresh weight loss, pH, total soluble solids, and titrable acidity]. The fruits were disinfested, inoculated, and maintained in an incubator containing fluorescent lights at 75 μmol·m -2 ·s -1 (25°C, 12h photoperiod) for 5 days and were then analyzed. The results showed that the DL and the NL were reduced following treatments, and that the HW (47°C for 20 min) was the strongest and the 1-MCP treatment was the least effective. The physico-chemical characteristics of fruits were affected by some treatments without compromising fruit quality. The combination of treatments was also able to alleviate the anthracnose effect on fruits compared to individual treatments and the control without affect the fruit quality. The combinations which included the HW treatment showed the best performance to control this disease, particularly when combined with the 1-MCP and phosphite.Additional key words: Colletotrichum simmondsii, fruit lesion, fruit quality, titrable acidity Hort. Environ. Biotechnol. 56 (3):330-340. 2015.

No abstract

Avaliou-se o grau de resistência de 36 clones de maracujazeiro obtidos por seleção massal de sete progênies de híbridos interespecíficos a três isolados de Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. passiflorae. As progênies foram obtidas por meio de cruzamentos entre a cultivar comercial Passiflora edulis "flavicarpa" com as espécies silvestres P. caerulea, P. edulis "roxo" e P. setacea. Os isolados da bactéria foram obtidos em Rio Claro-SP, Planaltina-DF e Limeira-SP. Clones individuais foram inoculados com solução bacteriana na concentração de 108ufc ml-1 aos 120 dias da semeadura. As avaliações ocorreram aos 5, 10 e 15 dias após a inoculação, medindo-se o diâmetro longitudinal e transversal das lesões. Em seguida, calculou-se a área abaixo da curva de progresso da lesão (AACPL). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas, sendo os genótipos os tratamentos distribuídos em quatro blocos com parcelas de três plantas para cada genótipo. Em cada parcela, plantas individuais foram inoculadas com um dos isolados da bactéria, totalizando três plantas com isolados diferentes. Plantas das espécies genitoras P. caerulea (AACPL=0,17) e P. setacea (AACPL=14,50) apresentaram alto grau de resistência, quando comparadas às plantas da testemunha BRS Gigante Amarelo (AACPL=4089,25), enquanto genótipos híbridos apresentaram valores intermediários (AACPL de 15,67 a 768,42), indicando a importância desses materiais como fontes de resistência à bacteriose.

Apple trees, cultivars Gala and Fuji, were sprayed at full bloom with thidiazuron (TDZ) at the doses of 0, 5, 10, or 20 g (a.i.) ha-1 and fruit were assessed for quality and maturity. In both cultivars, the increase of TDZ dose had detrimental effects on fruit quality, causing a reduction of fruit red surface and an increase of percentage of fruit that was asymmetrical and with calyx-end rot. TDZ caused an increment of calyx-end aperture that might have increased calyx-end rot. TDZ increased density and the length : diameter (L : D) ratio of the fruit. The number of viable seeds was not affected by TDZ. TDZ resulted in a substantial delay of fruit maturity in 'Gala' but not in 'Fuji'. TDZ also reduced soluble solids content (SSC) in 'Gala' and reduced titratable acidity in both cultivars.

RESUMO -O mofo-azul (Penicillium expansum) é uma podridão pós-colheita comum em maçãs (Malus domestica). O uso de substâncias menos ofensivas ao ambiente, como o fosfito (ácido fosforoso), é uma das alternativas de controle dessa doença. Visouse, então, a avaliar neste estudo a eficiência de fosfito-K (40% de P 2 O 5 e 30% de K 2 O) e fosfito-CaB (10,7% de P 2 O 5 , 3,89% de Ca e 0,5% de B) no controle do mofo-azul em maçãs 'Fuji' e 'Gala'. Os testes foram delineados em blocos ao acaso com seis repetições de 20 frutos cada. Os frutos foram desinfestados em hipoclorito de Na (1%) por três minutos, lavados em água esterilizada, feridos (1mm de diâmetro e de profundidade) com agulha em quatro pontos eqüidistantes, imersos nos tratamentos por 15 minutos e armazenados a 15-20 º C. Nas suspensões contaminadas com Penicillium expansum (10 2 conídios.mL -1 ), foram adicionadas as seguintes substâncias: benomil (150 mg.L -1 ), fosfito-K (0,5 a 1,5 mL.L -1 ) e fosfito-CaB (1,5 a 3,0 mL.L -1 ). As maçãs 'Fuji' e 'Gala' imersas em água com fosfito-) foram menos afetadas pelo mofo-azul. A aplicação de fosfito-K (1,5 mL.L -1 ) ou benomil (150 mg.L -1 ) nos frutos foi mais eficiente do que os demais tratamentos no controle do mofo-azul. Termos para indexação: Malus domestica Borkh., Penicillium expansum, ácido fosfônico, podridão-mole. POSTHARVEST APPLICATION OF PHOSPHITES REDUCES BLUE MOLD ON 'FUJI' AND 'GALA' APPLESABSTRACT -Blue mold (Penicillium expansum) is a common postharvest disease of apples (Malus domestica). Applications of less hazardous substances to the environment, such as phosphite (phosphonic acid), is an alternative to the control of blue mold. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of phosphite-K (40% P 2 O 5 and 30% K 2 O) and phosphite-CaB (10.7% P 2 O 5 , 3.89% Ca, and 0.5% B) for the control of blue mold on 'Fuji' and 'Gala' apples. Tests were designed in randomized blocks with six replications of 20 fruits. Fruits were decontaminated with Na hypochlorite (1%) for three minutes, washed with sterilized water, needle wounded (with a diameter and deepness of 1mm) in four equidistant points, dipped into treatments for 15 minutes, and then stored at 15-20 º C. The following substances were added in suspensions contaminated with Penicillium expansum (at the concentration of 1 x 10 2 conidia.mL ). 'Fuji' and 'Gala' apples dipped in water with phosphite-CaB (1.5 mL.L -1 ), phosphite-K (0.5-1.5 mL.L -1 ) or benomyl (150 mg.L -1 ) were less affected by the blue mold. Application of phosphite-K (1.5 mL.L -1 ) or benomyl were the most effective treatments to control the disease. Index terms: Malus domestica Borkh., Penicillium expansum, phosphonic acid, soft rot. INTRODUÇÃOPenicillium expansum, causador do mofo-azul, é um dos principais responsáveis pelas perdas ocasionadas pelas podridões, em várias regiões produtoras de maçãs (Malus domestica Borkh.). As maçãs 'Fuji' e 'Gala', sob condições favoráveis à doença, são semelhantemente afetadas pelo fungo (Blum et al., 2004). O mofo-azul, antes do u...