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ResumoIntrodução: O termo diabetes melito descreve uma desordem metabólica de múltipla etiologia, caracterizado por hiperglicemia crônica decorrente de defeitos na secreção e/ou ação da insulina. O diabetes melito é classificado em tipo 1 e 2, diabetes gestacional e outros tipos. A hiperglicemia crônica é o fator primário desencadeador das complicações do diabetes melito. Objetivo: Descrever os mecanismos fisiopatológicos das complicações crônicas e dos distúrbios metabólicos decorrentes da hiperglicemia. Métodos: Foram consultadas as bases de dados do SciELO, Lilacs e Medline. As consultas incluíram artigos registrados entre 1999 e 2010, nas línguas portuguesa e inglesa. Resultados: A hiperglicemia promove a formação dos produtos de glicação avançada (AGEs), responsáveis por complicações macrovasculares. A insulinopenia estimula a secreção de hormônios contrainsulínicos como glucagon, cortisol, catecolaminas e hormônio do crescimento. Iniciam-se processos catabólicos (lipólise e proteólise). Ácidos graxos são captados pelas células hepáticas. Ocorre síntese de acetil-Coa que é convertida em corpos cetônicos. A retenção de corpos cetônicos no plasma provoca acidose metabólica. Alterações na fisiologia ocular são derivadas da opacificação do cristalino e de modificações vasculares retinianas. Nefropatia diabética é a complicação crônica microvascular que compromete a função renal por aumento da membrana basal glomerular. A neuropatia diabética envolve a ativação da via do poliol, a síntese de AGEs e a redução do fluxo sanguíneo neural. Conclusão: A patogênese das alterações fisiológicas e metabólicas decorrentes da hiperglicemia compreende mecanismos fisiológicos, biológicos e bioquímicos que afetam a qualidade de vida do organismo.Palavras-chave: diabetes mellitus; hiperglicemia; complicações do diabetes; cetoacidose diabética. AbstractIntroduction: The term diabetes mellitus describes a metabolic disorder of multiple etiology, which is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from

There is a positive relationship between mood states and mental health. The aim of the present study was to investigate the construct validity and internal consistency of the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) for use with different populations, which are physically active and apparently healthy. Measures were obtained from 1295 male (N = 709, 34 ± 20 years, mean ± SD) and female (N = 576, 43 ± 24 years, mean ± SD) volunteers. Factor analysis was used, verifying that six factors (components) accounted for 62.65% of the total variance of the scale. The Varimax method with Kaiser Normalization for the rotation of the factors for the main components, and it was observed that the 24 scale items loaded on six mood factors (anger, depression, tension, vigor, fatigue, and confusion). Internal consistency was good for all the factors identified. We suggest that the results provide some support for validity of the BRUMS for use with different populations, which are physically active and apparently healthy. KeywordsMental Health, Mood States, Psychometrics, Brunel Mood Scale, BRUMS R. Brandt et al. 126

Were observed in the FTG: increased SD1 (CG 0.13 ± 4.00 vs. 3.60 ± 8.43), beat-to-beat global dispersion much greater as an increased in the dispersion of long-term RR intervals and increased fractal properties of short-term (α1) (CG -0.04 ± 0.13 vs. 0.07 ± 0.21). FT promoted a beneficial impact on cardiac autonomic modulation, characterized by increased parasympathetic activity and short-term fractal properties of the dynamics of the heart rate.

BackgroundEnergy from liquids is one of the most important factors that could impact on the high prevalence of children and adolescents obesity around the world. There are few data on the liquid consumption in Brazil. The aim of this study is to evaluate the volume and quality of liquids consumed by Brazilian children and adolescents and to determine the proportion of their daily energy intake composed of liquids.MethodsA multicenter study was conducted in five Brazilian cities; the study included 831 participants between 3 and 17 years of age. A four-day dietary record specific to fluids was completed for each individual, and the volume of and Kcal from liquid intake were evaluated. The average number of Kcal in each beverage was determined based on label information, and the daily energy intake data from liquids were compared with the recommendations of the National Health Surveillance Agency (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária– ANVISA), the Brazilian food regulation authority, according to each subject’s age.ResultsAs the children aged, the volume of carbonated beverages that they consumed increased significantly, and their milk intake decreased significantly. For children between the ages of 3 and 10, milk and dairy products contributed the greatest daily number of Kcal from liquids. Sugar sweetened beverages which included carbonated beverages, nectars and artificial beverages, accounted for 37% and 45% of the total Kcal from liquid intake in the 3- to 6-year-old and 7- to 10- year-old groups, respectively. Among adolescents (participants 11- to 17- years old), most of the energy intake from liquids came from carbonated beverages, which accounted for an average of 207 kcal/day in this group (42% of their total energy intake from liquids). Health professionals should be attentive to the excessive consumption of sugar sweetened beverages in children and adolescents. The movement toward healthier dietary patterns at the individual and population levels may help to improve programs for preventing overweight and obesity in children and adolescents.ConclusionFrom childhood to adolescence the daily volume of liquid ingested increased reaching a total of 2.0 liters on average. Of this volume, the daily volume of milk ingested decreased while the carbonated drinks, sweetened, nectars and artificial beverages increased significantly. The proportion of water remained constant in about 1/3 of the total volume. From 3 to 17 years of age the energy intake from carbonated beverages increased by about 20%. The carbonated drinks on average corresponded to a tenth of the daily requirements of energy of adolescents.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Brazil is undergoing a period of epidemiological transition associated with demographic and nutritional changes. The prevalence of obesity is also increasing in children and is causing numerous health problems that are becoming public health issues. The aim here was to evaluate the prevalence of overweight among children of two and three years of age. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study in municipal day care centers in Taubaté, state of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Weight and height measurements were made on 447 preschool children forming a probabilistic randomized sample. Their body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Their nutritional status was classified using the World Health Organization reference cutoff points (2006). Their mean weight, height and BMI were compared according to their age and sex. RESULTS:The mean values for the final sample (n = 447) were as follows: mean age: 38.6 months (± 3.5) and Z scores for: weight/height (W/H): 0.50 (± 1.22); height/age: -0.03 (± 1.07); weight/age (W/A): 0.51 (± 1.23); and BMI: 0.51(± 1.23). The prevalence of overweight children (BMI > 1 z) was 28.86%, while the prevalence of underweight children (BMI < -2 z) was 0.89%. There were no differences in mean BMI among the two and three-year age groups (P = 0.66). CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of overweight was observed in the sample of two and three-year-old children, with practically no malnutrition, thus showing that a significant nutritional transition may already be occurring, even in medium-sized cities of developing countries.RESUMO CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: O Brasil atravessa um período de transição epidemiológica com mudanças demográfica e nutricional. A prevalência de obesidade está aumentando também entre crianças, causando inúmeros problemas de saúde, que estão se tornando questões de saúde pública. Objetivou-se avaliar a prevalência de excesso de peso em crianças de dois e três anos. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo transversal em creches municipais de Taubaté, São Paulo, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Em amostra probabilística e randomizada de 447 pré-escolares, foram mensurados peso e altura, e calculado o índice de massa corporal (IMC). O estado nutricional foi classificado segundo pontos de corte do referencial da Organização Mundial de Saúde (2006). Compararam-se os valores médios de peso, estatura e IMC das crianças segundo a idade e sexo. RESULTADOS: A amostra final (n = 447) apresentou as seguintes médias. Idade: 38,6 meses (± 3,5), escore Z de peso para estatura (P/E): 0,50 (± 1,22), estatura para idade (E/I): -0,03 (± 1,07), peso para idade (P/I): 0,51 (± 1,23) e IMC: 0,51(± 1,23). A prevalência de excesso de peso (IMC > 1 z) foi de 28,86% e de crianças abaixo do peso ideal (IMC < -2 z) foi de 0,89%. Não houve diferença das médias de IMC entre as idades de dois e três anos (P = 0,66). CONCLUSÃO: Na população de crianças de dois e três anos de idade, já se evidencia elevada prevalência de excesso de peso, praticamente sem desnutrição, indicando que já pode estar ocorrendo uma transição n...

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The physiological basis of neurofunctional reorganization in stimulating the nervous system is justified and ratified by the concepts of neuroplasticity and therefore, its use in neonatology is well indicated. Objective: Describe how Neurofunctional reorganization throughPadovan method can contribute to restore neurologic function of newborns and can avoid the need for gastrostomy and shortening hospital stay.Method: Descriptive and retrospective study performed in a hospital at Ceará´s inland, Brazil, through analysis of medical records. 92 patients from the neonatal ICU who suffered perinatal asphyxia and evolved with neurological disorders were evaluated. Patients received Neurofunctional Reorganization therapy, which is the performance of physical and oral exercises that complement each other in order to recover lost functions and also prepare the body to acquire functions and capabilities which it has potential for.Results: Eighty-two patients completed the therapy and showed positive results (89.1%). The main expected outcome was the recovery of suction and this was achieved in between 8 and 150 days. 48 cases showed an improvement between 8 and 30 days of treatment (56%). Conclusions:The Neurofunctional reorganization proposed by Padovan is effective in the recovery of neurological function of newborns, especially the suction, shortening the hospital stay and avoiding gastrostomy.