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CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Brazil is undergoing a period of epidemiological transition associated with demographic and nutritional changes. The prevalence of obesity is also increasing in children and is causing numerous health problems that are becoming public health issues. The aim here was to evaluate the prevalence of overweight among children of two and three years of age. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study in municipal day care centers in Taubaté, state of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Weight and height measurements were made on 447 preschool children forming a probabilistic randomized sample. Their body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Their nutritional status was classified using the World Health Organization reference cutoff points (2006). Their mean weight, height and BMI were compared according to their age and sex. RESULTS:The mean values for the final sample (n = 447) were as follows: mean age: 38.6 months (± 3.5) and Z scores for: weight/height (W/H): 0.50 (± 1.22); height/age: -0.03 (± 1.07); weight/age (W/A): 0.51 (± 1.23); and BMI: 0.51(± 1.23). The prevalence of overweight children (BMI > 1 z) was 28.86%, while the prevalence of underweight children (BMI < -2 z) was 0.89%. There were no differences in mean BMI among the two and three-year age groups (P = 0.66). CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of overweight was observed in the sample of two and three-year-old children, with practically no malnutrition, thus showing that a significant nutritional transition may already be occurring, even in medium-sized cities of developing countries.RESUMO CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: O Brasil atravessa um período de transição epidemiológica com mudanças demográfica e nutricional. A prevalência de obesidade está aumentando também entre crianças, causando inúmeros problemas de saúde, que estão se tornando questões de saúde pública. Objetivou-se avaliar a prevalência de excesso de peso em crianças de dois e três anos. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo transversal em creches municipais de Taubaté, São Paulo, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Em amostra probabilística e randomizada de 447 pré-escolares, foram mensurados peso e altura, e calculado o índice de massa corporal (IMC). O estado nutricional foi classificado segundo pontos de corte do referencial da Organização Mundial de Saúde (2006). Compararam-se os valores médios de peso, estatura e IMC das crianças segundo a idade e sexo. RESULTADOS: A amostra final (n = 447) apresentou as seguintes médias. Idade: 38,6 meses (± 3,5), escore Z de peso para estatura (P/E): 0,50 (± 1,22), estatura para idade (E/I): -0,03 (± 1,07), peso para idade (P/I): 0,51 (± 1,23) e IMC: 0,51(± 1,23). A prevalência de excesso de peso (IMC > 1 z) foi de 28,86% e de crianças abaixo do peso ideal (IMC < -2 z) foi de 0,89%. Não houve diferença das médias de IMC entre as idades de dois e três anos (P = 0,66). CONCLUSÃO: Na população de crianças de dois e três anos de idade, já se evidencia elevada prevalência de excesso de peso, praticamente sem desnutrição, indicando que já pode estar ocorrendo uma transição n...

ResumoIntrodução: A recomendação atual para prática de atividades físicas na infância e adolescência é de que todo jovem deveria envolver-se diariamente por 60 minutos ou mais em atividades físicas moderadas em cinco ou mais dias da semana, somando-se pelo menos 300 minutos de atividades físicas por semana. Poucos estudos sobre o nível de atividade física foram encontrados com amostras de crianças e adolescentes brasileiros. Objetivo: Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo a aplicação de um questionário para avaliar o nível de atividade física realizada e suas correlações com estágios da puberdade e índice de massa corporal (IMC) em adolescentes saudáveis matriculados na rede municipal de ensino da cidade de Taubaté, SP, Brasil. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal por meio de aplicação de um questionário (IPAQ) para avaliar o nível de atividade física e sua correlação com peso, altura e IMC de 202 adolescentes saudáveis. Resultados: O grupo de 15 a 17 anos, considerado pós-púbere nesta pesquisa, apresentou tempos significantemente maiores do que os demais grupos, quanto à resposta da questão 4b (p = 0,002), que indaga sobre o tempo total gasto sentado durante um dia de final de semana. Conclusão: O grupo de 9 a 11 anos, considerado pré-púbere nesta pesquisa, apresentou números significantemente maiores do que os demais grupos quanto às atividades lúdicas moderadas.Descritores: atividade física; exercício; adolescente. ABSTRACT introduction: the current recommendation for physical activity in childhood and adolescence is that every young person should engage daily for 60 minutes or more in moderate physical activity on five or more days a week, totalizing at least 300 minutes of physical activity per week. few studies on the level of physical activity were found in samples of Brazilian children and adolescents. objective: this research aims to apply a questionnaire to assess the level of physical activity and its correlation with stages of puberty and body mass index (BMi) in healthy adolescents enrolled in municipal schools in the city of taubaté, sP, Brazil. Methods: this is a cross-sectional study conducted through the application of a questionnaire (iPaQ) to assess the level of physical activity and its correlation with weight, height andBMi of 202 healthy adolescents. Results: the group of 15 to 17 years, considered post-pubertal in this study, showed significantly longer times than the other groups regarding the answer to the question 4b (p=0.002), which inquires about the total time spent sitting during a day of the weekend. conclusion: the group 9-11 years, considered pre--pubertal in this study, showed significantly longer times than the other groups with regard to moderate ludic activity.

The earlier the introduction of non-breast milk, the higher the correlation with excess weight at preschool age.

Introduction: childhood obesity is a major public health problem, affecting children even at early ages. Objective: to assess the impact of dietary intervention and relatively simple physical activity on the nutritional state of preschoolers. Method: this was an intervention study in public daycare centers targeting children from 2 to 4 years of age, in the State of São Paulo. The sample consisted of 9 daycare centers covering 578 children, with 264 children in the intervention group (IG) and 314 in the comparison group (CG). Intervention was focused on modifications in diet and physical activity, avoiding overloading the routine of daycare centers, for duration of one year. A zBMI score > 1

Objective: Streptococcus pneumoniae usually colonizes the oropharynx of healthy people. Oropharyngeal carriage is related to the invasion of adjacent structures and to the development of invasive disease. A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed aiming at verifying the prevalence of oropharyngeal colonization by S. pneumoniae in children attending day care centers in the city of Taubaté -SP; verifying the frequency of S. pneumoniae serotypes in isolated strains; and relating the most frequent serotypes to the composition of the conjugated heptavalent pneumococcal vaccine currently in use.Methods: from June 29 to December 15 1998, samples of oropharyngeal material were collected from 987 children, ranging from 8 to 71 months old, enrolled in day care centers in Taubaté -SP. The identification of S. pneumoniae was based on the observation of the colonies that presented partial hemolysis in agar-blood and agarblood with gentamycin plates and on the observation of inhibited growth around the optochin disc. Serotyping was performed by the Quellung reaction, using specific antiserum, provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Atlanta, GA/USA), and the Danish nomenclature system.Results: as a result, S. pneumoniae was isolated from the oropharynx in 209 out of 987 children (colonization rate of 21.2%). Twenty eight serotypes were identified. The seven most frequent serotypes were: 6A/6B (21.5%), 19F (14.8%), 18C (7.4%), 23F (7.4%), 9V (6.7%), 14 (5.2%), 10A (4.4%). Except for serotype 10A, all the other six are included in the vaccine. The only vaccine serotype which was not found was serotype 4.Conclusion: agreement of 63% between the oropharynx colonizer serotypes and the serotypes present in the vaccine was found. ResumoObjetivos: o Streptococcus pneumoniae habitualmente coloniza a orofaringe de pessoas sadias. O estado de portador assintomático está relacionado à invasão de estruturas adjacentes e ao surgimento de doença invasiva. Foi realizado estudo transversal, descritivo, objetivando verificar a prevalência de colonização de orofaringe pelo S. pneumoniae em crianças que freqüentam creches no município de Taubaté, SP, verificar a freqüência de sorotipos de Streptococcus pneumoniae nas cepas isoladas e relacionar os sorotipos mais freqüen-tes com os sorotipos presentes na composição da vacina pneumocócica heptavalente conjugada atualmente em uso.Métodos: foram coletados, de 29 de junho a 15 de dezembro de 1998, 987 swabs de orofaringe de crianças entre 8 e 71 meses de idade, matriculadas nas creches municipais de Taubaté, SP. A identificação do S. pneumoniae foi baseada na observação das colônias que apresentassem hemólise parcial nos meios AS e AS-G, e pela observação da inibição do crescimento ao redor do disco de optoquina. A sorotipagem foi realizada pela reação de Quellung, utilizando anti-soros específi-cos, e adotado o sistema de nomenclatura dinamarquês.Resultados: o Streptococcus pneumoniae foi isolado em 209 das 987 crianças (taxa de colonização= 21,1%). Vinte e oito s...

Background and Objectives: To verify the use of the tri-ponderalmass index (TMI) as a screening tool for risk of central fat accumulation in preschool children. Materials and Methods: An observational, analytical study was carried out on samples from children 2 to 5 years of age. The body mass index (BMI) and the tri-ponderalmass index (TMI: Weight/height3) were calculated. The waist circumference-to-height ratio (WHtR) was used to classify central fat accumulation risk. Preschoolers whose WHtRwas in the upper tertile of the sample were classified as at risk for central fat accumulation. A comparison of the two indicators (BMI and TMI) was made from the area under the receiver operator characteristics (ROC) curve (AUC) in the discrimination of the WHtR. Results: The sample used for analysis was 919 preschoolers. The mean age of the children was 3.9 years (SD = 0.7). The difference in AUC was 5% higher for TMI (p < 0.0001). In the individual analysis of the ROC curve of the TMI, favoring a higher sensitivity, the cutoff point of 14.0 kg/m3 showed a sensitivity of 99.3% (95% CI: 97.6–99.9). Conclusion: Considering WHtR as a marker of possible future metabolic risk among preschool children, TMI proved to be a useful tool, superior to BMI, in screening for risk of central fat accumulation in preschool children.

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