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ABSTRACT. The somatic cell count (SCC) of refrigerated raw milk reflects the occurrence of mastitis in the herd and the management of rural property. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the SCC of the refrigerated raw milk and its determinant factors in dairy properties of Viçosa, State of Minas Gerais. Monthly, milk samples were taken from 44 cooling tanks during 2012. A structured questionnaire was applied to evaluate the production and management characteristics of the herds. There was a significant variation (p < 0.05) in the mean SCC of the milk, which was lower from June to August. Higher mean SCC and percentages of samples above the limit set by the legislation were observed in months of higher rainfall and ambient temperature (p < 0.05). Mechanical milking, lower milk yield, productivity, inadequate milking procedures, equipment hygiene, and water quality were all factors that influenced (p < 0.05) the SCC of raw refrigerated milk. Milker training is required for production of low SCC milk.Keywords: environment, SCC, mastitis, milking, seasonality.Evolução e fatores que influenciam a contagem de células somáticas em leite cru de fazendas em Viçosa, Minas Gerais RESUMO. A contagem de células somáticas (CCS) do leite cru refrigerado reflete a ocorrência de mastite no rebanho e manejo da propriedade rural. Portanto, este trabalho objetivou avaliar a CCS do leite cru refrigerado e seus fatores determinantes em propriedades leiteiras de Viçosa, estado de Minas Gerais. Mensalmente, foram coletadas amostras de leite de 44 tanques de refrigeração durante o ano de 2012. Um questionário estruturado foi aplicado para avaliar as características de produção e manejo dos rebanhos. Houve variações significativas (p < 0,05) na CCS média do leite, sendo menores nos meses de junho a agosto. Maiores CCS médias e porcentagens de amostras acima do limite estabelecido pela legislação foram observadas em meses de maiores precipitações de chuva e temperatura ambiente (p < 0,05). A ordenha mecânica, menor produção de leite, produtividade, procedimentos inadequados de ordenha, higiene dos equipamentos e qualidade da água são fatores que influenciaram (p < 0,05) a CCS do leite cru refrigerado. A capacitação dos ordenhadores é necessária para produção de leite com baixa CCS.

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Fourteen, 31-week-old Lohmann white layers from a flock of 30,000 chickens had a history of apathy, and a drop in egg production. Clinical signs were observed in approximately 40% of the flock, and lasted for three months. Fourteen hens were euthanized for post-mortem examinations. Macroscopic findings included marked atrophy and loss of renal lobes along with compensatory renal hypertrophy of the contralateral lobe. Ureters were markedly dilated and filled with mucus and/or with molded white to yellow-grey uroliths that obliterated the lumen. At histopathology, the uroliths inside ureters and tubules were composed of concentrically arranged mineralized concretions, as well as urates associated with heterophilic infiltrations and epithelial hyperplasia. Renal parenchyma adjacent to obstructed ureters was compressed with tubules replaced by fibrous tissue. Multifocal interstitial lymphocytic nephritis, proteinuria and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis were also found. Heterophilic and caseous ureteritis associated with numerous Gram-positive coccoid bacteria occurred in three chickens. Immunohistochemistry for avian coronavirus was negative. This negative result along with the case history indicated that water restriction was the most likely cause of mortality. This condition resulted in significant economic loss for this farmer.

RESUMO -A influência da sujidade e hiperqueratose de tetos na ocorrência de mastite subclínica foi avaliada em um rebanho de Oliveira (MG) com 70 vacas em lactação no verão e 77 no inverno de 2012. Os tetos foram classificados quanto ao grau de hiperqueratose e nível de sujidade de acordo com metodologias descritas na literatura. A detecção dos animais com mastite foi realizada por meio de California Mastitis Test. As prevalências de tetos com mastite, hiperqueratose e sujos foram de 37,6, 87,9 e 71,4% no verão, respectivamente. No inverno, as prevalências foram 39,6, 73,2 e 68,8%, respectivamente. Tetos com hiperqueratose têm 8,3 vezes mais risco de terem mastite que tetos saudáveis (p < 0,05). A sujidade não influenciou (p > 0,05) a ocorrência de mastite subclínica. A manutenção da ordenhadeira deve ser realizada em rebanho com alta prevalência de hiperqueratose de teto. As fontes de sujeiras em tetos de vacas devem ser detectadas em sistema free-stall.Palavras-chave: mastite; lesão; higiene; úbere; vaca.ABSTRACT -The influence of dirtiness and hyperkeratosis teat in the occurrence of subclinical mastitis was evaluated in cattle of Oliveira (MG) with 70 dairy cows in the summer and 77 in winter, 2012. The teats were classified through the hyperkeratosis degree and dirtiness level according to methods described in the literature. The detection of animals with mastitis was performed by California Mastitis Test. The prevalence teats with mastitis, hyperkeratosis and dirty were 37.6, 87.9 and 71.4% in summer, respectively. In winter, the prevalences were 39.6, 73.2 and 68.8%, respectively. Teats with hyperkeratosis have 8.3 times the risk of having mastitis that healthy teats (p < 0.05). The dirtiness no affected (p > 0.05) the occurrence of subclinical mastitis. The maintenance of milking machine should be performed in cattle with a high prevalence of hyperkeratosis teat. The sources of dirt on cows teats should be detected in free-stall system.